Human Behavior and Personality Practice Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundational theories and concepts related to human behavior and personality development. Students will examine major psychological perspectives including psychodynamic, trait, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and biological approaches to understand the complexities of individual differences. Key topics include personality assessment, the influence of genetics and environment, motivation, emotion, and the impact of culture and society on behavior. Through case studies and practical applications, the course provides insight into how personality shapes interactions and decision-making in personal and professional contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Asking people to respond to ambiguous stimuli is an example of personality
A) theory.
B) assessment.
C) application.
D) research.
Answer: B
Q2) Of the following approaches, which places the least emphasis on conscious determinants of behavior?
A) Cognitive
B) Biological
C) Trait
D) Psychoanalytic
Answer: D
Q3) The trait approach identifies where a person might lie along a continuum of personality characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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59 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tony found in his study of introversion that the more introverted subjects in his sample had fewer problems at work. Tony has found evidence for a
A) cause of work-related satisfaction.
B) statistically significant positive correlation.
C) statistically significant negative correlation.
D) a nonmanipulated independent variable.
Answer: C
Q2) A test is said to have high internal consistency when it yields similar scores each time it is administered to the same people.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is a problem of test validity?
A) When test responses are depend on recent events.
B) When test questions are vague.
C) When test responses do not reflect the hypothetical constructs being measured.
D) When similar test responses cannot be obtained in a second testing.
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) A man becomes a leader in a crusade promoting sexual morality. A year later, he is arrested for a variety of sex crimes. Freud might have interpreted the man's earlier behavior as an example of A) repression.
B) denial.
C) reaction formation.
D) projection.
Answer: C
Q2) A man refers to his "martial status" instead of his "marital status" during a job interview. Freud might have seen this as an example of A) projection.
B) symbolic behavior.
C) a Freudian slip.
D) free association.
Answer: C
Q3) Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) In which of the following circumstances are people more responsive to hypnosis?
A) When the situation is not defined as hypnosis
B) When the participant has not been responsive to hypnosis in the past
C) When the cooperation and trust of the participant is established
D) Both a and b
Q2) According to Freud, the content of our dreams reveals
A) what has been on our mind when we are awake.
B) implicit punishments and rewards.
C) unconscious conflicts and desires.
D) what we value the most about ourselves.
Q3) If your friend the therapist agrees with Freud, she would say that the content of our dreams reveals
A) unacceptable ideas that are actually acceptable.
B) unconscious conflicts and desires.
C) anxieties with which we were born.
D) much useless information.
Q4) Sociocognitive theories of hypnosis point out that a person cannot do under hypnosis what they would not do without it.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Wanda was the hardest working student in her school. Her constant efforts were rewarded at graduation when she received an award as the university's best math student. She confessed at that time that in elementary school she had failed math and was told by her teacher that she should pick an occupation that did not require her to work with numbers. What might Alfred Adler have said about Wanda?
A) Wanda is the exception to the rule, in that she should have instead displayed an inferiority complex.
B) She most likely is a first-born child.
C) Her striving for achievement resulted from her earlier feelings of inferiority.
D) She achieved because she never saw herself as inferior, regardless of what happened to her in elementary school.
Q2) Which of the following theorists would be most likely to argue that the roots of adult personality are largely formed in childhood?
A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Horney
D) Jung
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) Carol is having difficulty with her romantic relationship. She is afraid of losing her partner, so she gives in to her partner's wishes to keep him happy. Carol probably has which kind of attachment style?
A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent
Q2) Sam is facing a difficult midterm exam and is feeling stressed out about it. As the exam date approaches and his anxiety increases, Sam starts thinking about ways to study more effectively. He schedules a large portion of time for active study of the material on the test so that he is prepared. In terms of coping, which of the following is Sam's strategy?
A) Avoidance strategy
B) Emotion-focused strategy
C) Problem-focused strategy
D) Repression strategy
Q3) Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
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Q1) In his quest to understand the basic structure of personality, Cattell relied heavily on A) the idiographic approach.
B) factor analysis.
C) the examination of central traits.
D) case studies.
Q2) One team of researchers improved its ability to predict behavior from personality measures by dividing participants into traited and untraited groups. This approach is similar to that advocated earlier by
A) Gordon Allport.
B) Raymond Cattell.
C) Carl Jung.
D) Henry Murray.
Q3) The nomothetic approach to personality measurement looks at cardinal traits.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe two of your best friends in terms of the Big Five factors. For each friend, state where that person fits along each of the dimensions. Give two ways that Henry Murray and Raymond Cattell influenced this model.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A man with a high need for Achievement is trying to decide between several investment opportunities. He is likely to select an investment with a
A) potentially small return, but with relatively little risk of losing any money.
B) potentially moderate return, but with a moderate amount of financial risk.
C) potentially huge return, but with a significant possibility of losing a large amount of money.
D) guaranteed small return rate, with absolutely no risk.
Q2) Researchers find that people who are high in _______ typically achieve more than the average person.
A) affect intensity
B) dispositional optimism
C) social anxiety
D) emotional expressiveness
Q3) Predictably, high need achievers work hard at everything and tackle tasks with the potential for personal achievement with much energy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, the growing acceptance of the several biological influences on personality is
A) a reflection of the decline of psychoanalysis in academic psychology.
B) partly due to a return to the notion of the blank slate.
C) a reflection of behaviorism's decline in academic psychology.
D) due to computer technology of the late 20th century.
Q2) Cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tends to find the same three dimensions of personality across cultures. Eysenck points to this finding as evidence for
A) a biological basis of personality.
B) the importance of environmental influences on personality.
C) evolutionary personality theory.
D) the need for factor analysis.
Q3) According to the "goodness of fit" model, educators should ask which question?
A) What temperament characteristics contribute to better school performance?
B) How can we change temperament in problem children?
C) How can we control problem behaviors in children with certain temperaments?
D) What kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) You know a woman who has many friends and is often out having fun. But this woman also typically acts before thinking, thus bringing her a lot of trouble. This woman is probably
A) high on neuroticism.
B) low on neuroticism.
C) an extravert.
D) an introvert.
Q2) Personality researchers sometimes examine the personalities of children who were adopted shortly after birth. They do this because
A) these children were likely raised in a very supportive, nurturing environment.
B) genetic and environmental influences are not confounded like they are when examining children raised by their biological parents.
C) extensive records of the child's health and early personality indicators are available.
D) the researchers want to know if adoption is traumatic for the children.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following is true about peak experiences, as described by Maslow?
A) All self-actualized people experience them.
B) Only self-actualized people experience them.
C) They are unrelated to where one is on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
D) Self-actualized people have more intense and frequent peak experiences than others.
Q2) A man thinks of himself as an outstanding athlete. One day, he watches some tennis players at his athletic club who are considerably better than he is. This information is threatening to his self?concept. Because the man is not fully functioning, Rogers might have expected him to do one of the following except one. Which one?
A) Experience anxiety
B) Reinterpret what he has seen to make it less threatening
C) Deny that the men are good tennis players
D) Accept that there are better tennis players than himself
Q3) By using Google search for Maslow's hierarchy of needs, researchers found
A) very few website hits.
B) as many website hits for Maslow as they did for Freud.
C) more internet images of the need pyramid than of the Mona Lisa.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) A woman spends a lot of time by herself. Whether she experiences this time as loneliness depends on
A) if she is an introvert or an extravert.
B) how much social contact she requires to meet her personal needs.
C) how many friends she has.
D) how much time she spends interacting with friends.
Q2) Based on research findings, which of the following is the most likely first topic of conversation between two people who have just met for the first time?
A) Favorite movies
B) Problems with parents
C) Embarrassing moments in high school
D) Political opinions
Q3) Researchers have found that
A) we can identify people who have relatively consistent tendencies to experience loneliness.
B) loneliness is synonymous with shyness.
C) loneliness can only be determined by measuring the actual number of hours a person spends alone.
D) loneliness is a problem only for those who say they have no friends.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following statements is not correct?
A) Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviors.
B) To be effective, punishment must be delivered immediately and consistently.
C) Punishment can have negative side effects, such as creating negative associations through classical conditioning.
D) In most cases, punishment is the most effective way to reduce an unwanted behavior.
Q2) A woman shows no interest in socializing with other people. How might a behaviorist explain this behavior?
A) The woman does not believe that she can interact effectively with other people.
B) The woman has not been reinforced enough for engaging in social behavior.
C) The woman experiences anxiety in social situations and uses her asocial style as a defense against this anxiety.
D) The woman is either high in social anxiety or low in sociability.
Q3) Behaviorists believe that conditioning principles can be examined to understand the processes that shape our personalities.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who among the following is likely high in unmitigated communion?
A) Belinda, a surgeon who sacrifices her own needs and interests to care for all her patients.
B) Matilda, who sees her personal value in terms of how well others think she takes care of her family.
C) Bernard, who subjugates his needs to the needs of the others in his office.
D) All of the above
Q2) Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on
A) self-efficacy.
B) locus of control.
C) behavior therapy.
D) learned helplessness.
Q3) Operant conditioning affects gender-role behavior
A) as early as the first few years of life.
B) starting at about age five.
C) primarily after children reach puberty.
D) primarily during the late teens.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) According to Kelly, construct systems are never perfect. When constructs fail us as we try to predict events,
A) old constructs are selected out of the system.
B) new constructs are constantly generated to replace the old ones.
C) healthy people fail to consider new information.
D) it lessens our ability to predict what will happen the next time.
Q2) Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well?developed "independence" schema. Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics, participants with a strong independence schema
A) took longer to answer because they had more information to process.
B) took longer to answer because it was more important to them to give a correct answer.
C) took less time to answer.
D) took the same amount of time to answer, but were more confident of their answers.
Q3) Contrast cognitive psychotherapy with Rogers's approach. Discuss the application of personal construct theory to psychological problems such as anxiety. Explain the significance of self-defeating thinking in typical cognitive therapy.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) How do men and women differ in their emotional memories and the kinds of information they process more rapidly? Give an example of your own of an independent self-construal and an interdependent self-construal. How do the genders differ in these cognitive representations of the self?
Q2) How does the negative (depressive) schema work? Explain how negative thoughts are related to depressing feelings and contrast the outlook on life between most normal people and depressed individuals.
Q3) According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who
A) pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively.
B) pay attention to both positive and negative information equally.
C) interpret ambiguous information in a positive light.
D) are always on the alert for negative information.
Q4) Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad?
A) Interpreting ongoing experiences in a negative light.
B) Pessimistic thoughts about the future.
C) Negative thoughts about oneself.
D) all of the above
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18
Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) Projective tests like _______ remain immensely popular measures of personality.
A) the Rorschach
B) the Bem
C) the MMPI
D) the Q-sort
Q2) Researchers have found consistent gender differences when comparing males and females on the extent to which they
A) respond to hypnotic suggestions.
B) dream about males and females.
C) are extraverted or introverted.
D) experience learned helplessness.
Q3) Of the following psychotherapists, who did Abraham Maslow meet during his teaching career?
A) Freud
B) Alder
C) Jung
D) Rogers
Q4) List specific ways in which social learning theory provides a bridge between traditional behaviorism and the more recent cognitive approaches to personality.
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