Human Behavior and Development
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Course Introduction
This course explores the complex processes that shape human behavior and development across the lifespan, from infancy to old age. Students will examine major theories of psychological, social, and emotional growth, considering biological, environmental, and cultural influences on development. Topics include cognitive and language development, socialization, personality formation, and the impact of family, peers, and society. Through the study of case examples and current research, students will gain insights into the challenges and milestones individuals encounter as they grow, adapt, and change throughout life.
Recommended Textbook
Experience Human Development 13th Edition by Diane E. Papalia
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19 Chapters
2586 Verified Questions
2586 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jason has been at his job for almost 20 years now.Although he does not move as fast as some of the younger employees,he still manages to complete his work first due primarily to his experience.Which of Baltes' key principles best explains this scenario?
A) Development is multidimensional.
B) Development is multidirectional.
C) Development involves changing resource allocations.
D) Development is influenced by the historical and cultural contexts.
Answer: B
Q2) _____ is the unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns.
A) Individual responses to the opportunities offered by one's culture
B) Environmental influences
C) Maturation
D) One's perception of the events in his/her life
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Theory and Research
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173 Verified Questions
173 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ means that the tests measure the abilities they claim to measure.
A) Standardization
B) Reliability
C) Validity
D) Reflection
Answer: A
Q2) A good theory develops __________,which can then be tested by research.
A) data
B) hypotheses
C) findings
D) facts
Answer: B
Q3) According to the __________ perspective,development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed in interaction with the environment.
A) environmental
B) contextual
C) interactive
D) behavioral
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Forming a New Life
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155 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?
A) It encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane.
B) It removes body wastes from the baby.
C) It fights infections in the baby.
D) It produces hormones that stimulate lactation.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is TRUE?
A) It is due to a defect in the sex chromosomes.
B) If one identical twin has the disorder, the other twin will not have the disorder.
C) These individuals have brain shrinkage and are at risk for Alzheimer disease as they age.
D) Individuals with the disorder must be hospitalized throughout much of their lives.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development During the First
Three Years
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166 Verified Questions
166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby?
A) Being left alone except for basic care
B) Being touched and massaged
C) A simple sensory environment, to avoid overstimulation
D) A cool environment to reduce fluid loss from sweating
Q2) What are infants considered when they weigh less than 90% of infants of the same gestational age?
A) Preemie
B) Too-small-for-date
C) Preterm
D) Small-for-date
Q3) What is the term used for the process of giving birth?
A) Labor
B) Expelling
C) Parturition
D) Contraction
Q4) Evaluate two of the assessments available to newborns and infants in order to make early determinations of babies' special needs.
Q5) List the five states of arousal in infancy and choose two to define.
Q6) List the four lobes of the brain and describe one central function of each lobe. Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Classically conditioned learning will fade or become extinct if it is not A) punished.
B) reinforced.
C) ignored.
D) dishabituated.
Q2) Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT A) simplification.
B) overextension.
C) understanding grammar without being able to express it.
D) use of motherese.
Q3) Based on research using operant conditioning techniques with infants,what appears to be different between infant and adult memories?
A) The quality of the memory
B) The duration of the memory
C) Infants cannot form memories, while adults can.
D) Adults require stronger retrieval cues to access their memories.
Q4) Demonstrate how habituation and dishabituation are used to study infant cognitive abilities.
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Q5) Compare and contrast the learning theory and the nativist theory of language acquisition.
Chapter 6: Psychosocial Development During the First
Three Years
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143 Verified Questions
143 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Observations about the interactions of fathers with their infant sons and daughters support the view that fathers
A) have a strong influence on later well-being and physical and cognitive development.
B) treat boys and girls more alike than do mothers.
C) are less concerned with gender-typing than are mothers.
D) in all cultures tend to exhibit rough and physical play with their children.
Q2) Young children's relationships with their siblings are usually
A) characterized primarily by rivalry.
B) characterized by affection and attachment.
C) most stressful for later-borns.
D) not important early in life.
Q3) Erikson's work suggests that _______________ is a characteristic displayed by individuals who did not learn sufficient trust during the first stage of development.
A) excessive anger
B) lack of self-regulation
C) difficulty forming close relationships
D) a tendency toward negativism
Q4) Examine the relationship between temperament and the concept of goodness of fit.
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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156 Verified Questions
156 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alex is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it.When his mother walks into the room,he says,"Mommy,do you like this song?" although she cannot hear the music.Alex's question indicates that Alex is
A) presymbolic.
B) egocentric.
C) decentered.
D) transformational.
Q2) A child who cannot see something from another person's perspective or point of view is showing A) centration.
B) egocentrism.
C) conservation. D) irreversibility.
Q3) List four aspects of preoperational thought according to Piaget,and choose two to define and provide examples for.
Q4) Discuss false beliefs and deception in early childhood.
Q5) Discuss what is meant by food security and evaluate the research in your text regarding families that are not food secure.
Q6) Provide three ways to help prevent obesity in young children.
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Chapter 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
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147 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 5-7 shift refers to A) changes in the way children describe themselves.
B) changes in the average height of children during early childhood. C) changes in intelligence scores during early childhood.
D) changes in the number of friends most children make during early childhood.
Q2) According to the evolutionary theory of gender differences,men and women have ____ adaptations designed to be sensitive to environmental input. A) physical B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) spiritual
Q3) Critique the psychoanalytic approach to explaining gender identity.
Q4) Sophia has put on her mother's high heels and wrapped a scarf around her neck.She has announced to the family that her performance will begin shortly.Sophia is engaged in A) functional play. B) constructive play. C) dramatic play.
D) formal games with rules.
Q5) Compare and contrast the four cognitive levels of play.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jimmy is trying to learn his phone number and address.He tells his father,"Maybe if I say it to myself a hundred times,I will be able to remember it." Jimmy is demonstrating that he is beginning to appreciate
A) working memory.
B) metamemory.
C) meta-analysis.
D) elaboration.
Q2) Adrianne,a middle schooler,is very concerned with how she looks.According to your text,Adrianne may be at risk for developing A) schizophrenia.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) alcoholism.
D) substance abuse.
Q3) What type of learning disability is specifically related to an impairment in the ability to read and spell?
A) Intellectual disability
B) Autism Spectrum Disorders
C) ADHD
D) Dyslexia
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Examine common adjustment issues associated with children whose parents divorce.
Q2) Mary Beth,age 10,finds excuses not to sleep overnight at her friends' homes and shows no interest in going back to camp this summer.When she went on a weekend trip with her school chorus,she became nauseated and had to come home.This sort of thing has been going on for several weeks,ever since her pet cat died.Mary Beth A) may be suffering from separation anxiety disorder. B) is regressing to infantile separation anxiety.
C) is probably just feeling sorry for herself and should not be indulged. D) is almost certain to "get over it" within a month or so.
Q3) Based on measures of sociometric popularity,a child who receives very few nominations of any kind would be classified as A) popular. B) rejected.
C) neglected.
D) None of these
Q4) List the advantages and the disadvantages to both the parent and the child in homes where either both parents or the custodial parent in single-parent households work(s)outside the home.
Q5) Define the term resilient child and describe the qualities these children have.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of American teens are binge drinkers?
A) 2 %
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 52%
Q2) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is characteristic of
A) preoperational thought.
B) sensorimotor thought.
C) concrete operational thought.
D) formal operational thought.
Q3) The term for one's first period is
A) puberty.
B) menarche.
C) adolescence.
D) spermarche.
Q4) Which of the following is the most likely to drop out of high school?
A) Asian American boy
B) White American girl
C) Latino boy
D) African-American girl
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Chapter 12: Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a factor associated with early sexual activity?
A) Having high self-esteem
B) Having multiple partners
C) Having inadequate information about sex
D) Not using contraceptives regularly
Q2) Most pregnant teenagers are likely to have
A) few complications during pregnancy since they are young and strong.
B) relatively large babies.
C) greater medical risks than women in their twenties, regardless of prenatal care.
D) better outcomes than any other age group, with good medical care.
Q3) Cultural socialization refers to ______________ that teach children about their racial or ethnic heritage,promote cultural traditions,and promote ethics and racial pride.
A) school practices
B) community practices
C) parental practices
D) All of these
Q4) Analyze the issues that ethnic and cultural factors raise as adolescents try to develop a personal identity.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability to recognize and deal with one's own feelings and the feelings of others is called
A) emotional intelligence.
B) cognitive intelligence.
C) cognitive emotions.
D) intelligence.
Q2) The most common cause of female infertility is
A) the production of abnormal ova.
B) blockage of the fallopian tubes.
C) residue from taking "the pill."
D) mucus in the cervix that prevents sperm from penetrating the ova.
Q3) Define and describe the adult stage of "post-formal thought." Discuss Sinnott's criteria of "post-formal" thought and apply it to interventions with adolescents who are at risk.
Q4) In regards to sexual orientation,which of the following is TRUE?
A) Females reveal their homosexuality before males.
B) Males reveal their homosexuality before females.
C) Both males and females reveal their homosexuality at about the same time.
D) Most males and females reveal their homosexuality in middle adulthood.
Q5) Examine behavioral influences on health and fitness in young adulthood.
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Chapter 14: Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consensual or informal unions are types of A) marriage.
B) divorce.
C) cohabitation.
D) annulments.
Q2) Many young adults today believe that marriage
A) is the first step in becoming an adult.
B) should occur after one has become an adult.
C) provides a framework for parenting and raising children.
D) will only be successful if cohabitation occurred first.
Q3) Discuss the three stages of recentering and how they relate to identity development.
Q4) Discuss divorce and list two reasons cited in your text why marriages fail.
Q5) According to the five-factor model,Hank,who is gregarious and assertive,would be described as
A) neurotic.
B) extraverted.
C) conscientious.
D) open to experience.
Q6) Evaluate the research on cohabitation.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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127 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The damage that occurs when coping abilities are inadequate to meet the demands is called
A) illness.
B) stress.
C) adrenaline loss.
D) a response fault.
Q2) According to the text,technology skills are increasingly necessary and require
A) middle-aged adults to retire.
B) a life-span approach to learning.
C) more work creativity.
D) None of these
Q3) Middle-aged people tend to be __________ practical problem solvers,able to deal with real-life problems.
A) incompetent
B) effective
C) slow
D) None of these
Q4) Define osteoporosis and provide three recommendations offered by doctors to reduce bone loss.
Q5) Analyze the term midlife and the various definitions of middle adulthood.
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Chapter 16: Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood
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124 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) would describe Travis' emotional state as
A) a midlife crisis.
B) a male climacteric.
C) stagnation.
D) burnout.
Q2) Lenard,who is 48,is described as organized and disciplined.Which of the big five personality traits would Lenard rate the highest in?
A) Neuroticism
B) Extraversion
C) Introversion
D) Conscientiousness
Q3) The process by which middle-aged children learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy within a two-way relationship is called
A) filial maturity.
B) filial crisis.
C) filial responsibility.
D) All of these
Q4) Evaluate the field of narrative psychology and discuss the purpose of generativity scripts.
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which kind of aging is most strongly influenced by diet and exercise?
A) Secondary aging
B) Primary aging
C) Process aging
D) Programmed aging
Q2) The gradual changes that occur in all persons as they age is called _____ aging.
A) primary
B) functional
C) secondary
D) tertiary
Q3) _______ of those adults over 85 years of age have trouble seeing.
A) 10%
B) 17%
C) 50%
D) 30%
Q4) Examine the terms life expectancy,longevity,and life span,and explain the relationship among them.
Q5) List and describe the changes in short-term memory among older adults.
Q7) Describe the visual and hearing changes among the elderly. Page 20
Q6) List four genetic-programming theories and choose one to explain in detail.
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Page 21
Chapter 18: Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a common problem for aging homosexuals?
A) They have difficulty maintaining relationships as their physical attractiveness fades.
B) They may have poor relations with their family of origin.
C) They feel the stigma of age more intensely than do heterosexuals.
D) They have trouble dealing with reductions in sexual activity.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT associated with religion in older adults?
A) Social support
B) A way to interpret misfortunes
C) Encouragement of healthy lifestyles
D) A sense of entitlement
Q3) The older adults most likely to be institutionalized are those who
A) enjoy taking part in social activities with others their own age.
B) have good health and want to spend time in varied activities.
C) have overburdened their busy families with their poor health and disabilities.
D) want independence from their families.
Q4) Discuss both positive and negative aspects associated with gay and lesbian adults in late adulthood.
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22
Chapter 19: Dealing With Death and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Life review therapy includes all of the following EXCEPT
A) use of scrapbooks.
B) constructing a family tree.
C) reading old letters from family and friends.
D) attending regular church services.
Q2) Caroline is a first-year teacher in a school where there have been several reported suicides among the student body in the past several years.Which of the following student behaviors should she watch for as a warning sign of potential suicide?
A) Withdrawal from family or friends
B) Abstaining from drugs and alcohol
C) Going about the daily activities, acting as if nothing is amiss
D) Describing hopes and plans for the future in class assignments or general conversation
Q3) Kübler-Ross states that in the overall process of death,
A) those who had purpose in life had the least fear of death.
B) facing the reality of death is key to living a meaningful life.
C) those who have little purpose in life have little fear of death.
D) avoiding a focus on the reality of death makes life more pleasant and meaningful.
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