Human Behavior and Development Practice Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the complex processes that shape human behavior and development across the lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood. Emphasizing major theories and research in developmental psychology, the course examines physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development, as well as the influence of cultural, familial, and societal factors. Through the analysis of case studies and contemporary issues, students gain insight into how individuals grow, adapt, and change within various life contexts, preparing them for further study or careers involving human interaction and support.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Lifespan Development 3rd edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2078 Verified Questions
2078 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.
A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) correlation coefficient
D) control group
Answer: A
Q2) Ethical standards permit the use of deception in research studies only if
A) researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors.
B) the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study.
C) the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception.
D) the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identical twins are created when
A) two different ova are released and fertilized.
B) two ova are fertilized by the same sperm cell.
C) a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals.
D) one ovum is fertilized by two different sperm cells.
Answer: C
Q2) Personality characteristics are most likely determined by __________ inheritance.
A) X-linked
B) polygenic
C) dominant
D) recessive
Answer: B
Q3) Heritability estimates
A) are highly accurate.
B) are likely to exaggerate the role of the environment.
C) are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity.
D) cannot be used to study personality.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby
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109 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Practicing "proximal care"
A) increases crying.
B) hinders early motor development.
C) reduces crying by about one-third.
D) interferes with attachment.
Answer: C
Q2) Natural,or prepared,childbirth includes
A) routine use of strong drugs.
B) classes about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery.
C) fetal monitoring and anesthetics.
D) a surgical birth.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following mothers is the most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?
A) Harriet, who is uninsured and 22
B) Marissa, who is married and 28
C) Rachel, who is single and 35
D) Janette, who is married and 40
Answer: A
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In operant conditioning,a punishment involves
A) a stimulus that greatly increases the occurrence of a response.
B) removing a desirable stimulus.
C) presenting a neutral stimulus.
D) a gradual increase in the occurrence of a response.
Q2) The prefrontal cortex
A) controls body movement.
B) is responsible for thought.
C) functions most effectively during the prenatal period.
D) reaches an adult level of synaptic connections during the preschool years.
Q3) Visual acuity improves steadily,reaching an adult level of about 20/20 by A) 6 months.
B) the end of the first year.
C) 2 years.
D) 4 years.
Q4) Infants begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike units around A) birth.
B) 3 to 6 months.
C) 7 to 9 months.
D) the end of the first year.
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Baby Daxton points to the cookie jar when he wants a cookie.Daxton is demonstrating a(n)
A) preverbal gesture.
B) overextension.
C) underextension.
D) babble.
Q2) When 2½-year-old Max,and his father,Simon,listened to short sentences-some grammatically correct,others with phrase-structure violations-both showed similarly distinct ERP brain-wave patterns for each sentence type in the left frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.This suggests that
A) a toddler processes sentence structures using the same neural system as an adult does.
B) social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development.
C) language development relies more on learning and discovery than Chomsky assumed.
D) interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences govern language learning.
Q3) Discuss the development of cooing and babbling in hearing and deaf infants.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eight-month-old Darius will probably smile and laugh more
A) when interacting with familiar people.
B) when surprised.
C) at a friendly stranger with a novel face.
D) at a stimulating toy.
Q2) __________ increases the chance of sibling conflict.
A) Low emotional reactivity
B) Maternal warmth towards both children
C) Low activity level
D) Lack of parental involvement
Q3) __________ binds parent and baby into a warm,supportive relationship that fosters the infant's developing competencies.
A) Happiness
B) Anger
C) Fear
D) Sadness
Q4) How does paternal depression affect child development?
Q5) Describe categorical self development.How does it relate to gender typing?
Page 8
Q6) Do infant characteristics affect the quality of attachment? How is caregiving involved?
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability to __________ is a skill that predicts social maturity and reading and math achievement from kindergarten through high school.
A) use guided participation
B) resist the "pull" of their attention toward a dominant stimulus
C) think out a sequence of facts ahead of time
D) distinguish appearance from reality
Q2) Which of the following statements is supported by research on sex differences in motor skills?
A) Parents tend to foster gender-stereotyped physical activities in their children.
B) Preschoolers exposed to formal lessons tend to be advanced in gross-motor development.
C) In early childhood, girls have a slight edge over boys in skills that emphasize force and power.
D) Sex differences in motor skills are largely due to genetically based differences.
Q3) Discuss Vygotsky's view of make-believe play.
Q4) Describe the development of writing.What does a preschooler's early printing look like?
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study involving mother-child conversations about gender typing,
A) mothers' directly expressed gender attitudes were stereotypical.
B) when children voiced stereotypes, mothers affirmed them only 2 percent of the time.
C) mothers rarely explicitly countered a child's stereotype.
D) mothers rarely called attention to gender.
Q2) Preschool friends
A) interact in essentially the same way as nonfriends.
B) share mutual trust but are not usually emotionally expressive.
C) talk, laugh, and look at each other more than nonfriends do.
D) usually have lasting ties with each other.
Q3) Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that
A) girls are especially intolerant of "cross-gender" play in other girls.
B) preschoolers often engage in "cross-gender" activities at home, but rarely do so in the presence of peers.
C) when preschoolers engage in "cross-gender" activities, peers criticize them.
D) preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups.
Q4) How do parents influence gender typing in early childhood?
Q5) Describe two distinct purposes and three distinct forms of aggression.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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110 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) During middle childhood,boys outperform girls in A) drawing.
B) agility.
C) throwing.
D) hopping.
Q2) Hank is skilled at discriminating complex inner feelings and using them to guide his behavior.According to Gardner,Hank is advanced in __________ intelligence.
A) interpersonal
B) bodily-kinesthetic
C) intrapersonal
D) general
Q3) Which intellectual factor of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales,Fifth Edition,is the most likely to contain culturally biased problems?
A) visual-spatial processing
B) quantitative reasoning
C) working memory
D) basic information processing
Q4) Discuss the psychological consequences of childhood obesity.
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) School-age children are likely to explain emotion by referring to A) internal states.
B) personality traits.
C) external events.
D) observable characteristics.
Q2) The less __________ children experience,the more likely white children will express out-group prejudice.
A) interracial contact
B) aggression and hostility
C) media exposure
D) homogeneous grouping
Q3) In middle childhood,children begin to
A) describe themselves in unrealistically positive terms.
B) compare their own characteristics to those of peers.
C) experience role confusion.
D) reject conventional standards for moral behavior.
Q4) Define problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping.How do school-age children use these strategies?
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Q5) Anya is a rejected-aggressive child.Describe the characteristics that Anya likely displays as a result.
Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the impact that child-rearing styles have on academic achievement in adolescence.
Q2) Adolescent experimentation with any drug
A) is linked to depression, anxiety, and impulsive behavior. B) is a normal part of adolescence and, therefore, is not a cause for concern. C) is much greater among African-American than among Caucasian-American youths. D) should not be taken lightly because a single heavy dose can lead to permanent injury or death.
Q3) Which of the following teenagers is the most likely to drop out of high school?
A) Linda, who is in a college preparatory track
B) Hilda, who is in a vocational track
C) Dustin, who takes high-pressure advanced placement classes
D) Dwayne, who receives personalized remedial instruction
Q4) Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?
A) ovaries
B) pubic hair
C) scrotum
D) testes
Q5) How does heredity impact homosexuality?
Q6) Discuss the role of sleep in adolescent development. Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Postconventional morality is
A) typically reached around age 18.
B) based on social conformity.
C) exceedingly rare.
D) common among college-educated young adults.
Q2) Which of the following delinquent youths is the most likely to experience a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality?
A) David, who first displayed antisocial behavior around puberty
B) Doug, who first showed signs of physical aggression at age 3
C) Shonna, who was first arrested at age 15 when she fell in with the wrong crowd
D) Lana, who was arrested three times in high school but is now doing well in college
Q3) Alec has warm,supportive parents.He is most likely to affiliate with which of the following crowds?
A) "partyers"
B) "nonconformists"
C) "druggies"
D) "brains"
Q4) Discuss changes in self-esteem in adolescence.
Page 16
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shelby is adventurous,persuasive,and a strong leader.According to Holland's six personality types,Shelby is a(n)__________ person.
A) social
B) investigative C) conventional D) enterprising
Q2) According to Holland,the __________ person prefers working with objects and tends to choose a mechanical occupation.
A) enterprising B) realistic C) conventional D) artistic
Q3) Animal species with __________ life expectancies tend to display __________ free-radical damage to DNA.
A) longer; slower rates of B) shorter; slower rates of C) longer; faster rates of D) shorter; little to no
Q4) Describe the psychological impact of attending college.
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Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Noah and Ava are married and voluntarily childless.They are probably A) college-educated.
B) uneducated.
C) unhappy.
D) self-indulgent.
Q2) When Yolanda thinks about the future,she plans to get her first job at age 22,be married by age 24,and have her first child at age 27,just like her older brother did.According to research by Bernice Neugarten,Yolanda has a well-defined A) split dream.
B) social clock.
C) "feminine" dream.
D) life structure.
Q3) Brad and Ashley live in the United States and are married with children.They both work full-time.Which of the following statements is most likely true?
A) They share housework equally.
B) Brad participates in child care about 85 percent as much as Ashley does.
C) Ashley spends about 85 percent as much time as Brad does on housework.
D) Ashley spends nearly twice as much time as Brad does on child care.
Q4) Describe the gender differences in same-sex adult friendships.
Page 18
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
Q2) When middle-aged adults surmount a highly stressful experience,they often report
A) a subsequent period of depression and anxiety.
B) lasting personal benefits.
C) subsequent escapist behaviors.
D) a decline in life satisfaction.
Q3) Which of the following women is the most likely to report fewer menopausal complaints?
A) Laura, an American woman
B) Gerta, a European woman
C) Precious, an African woman
D) Noriko, an Asian woman
Q4) Which of the following McDonald's employees with two years of experience will probably perform more competently in the workplace?
A) Brandon, a high school student
B) Bertram, a recent high school graduate
C) Bronson, a 25-year-old
D) Blake, a middle-aged adult
Page 19
Q5) Discuss the changes in hearing that individuals experience during the aging process.
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) When poverty,unemployment,and lack of a respected place in society dominate the life course,
A) the young-old developmental task remains unresolved.
B) the destruction-creation developmental task resolves in favor of creation.
C) concerns of ambition and achievement are elevated over all others.
D) energies are directed toward survival rather than realistically approaching age-related changes.
Q2) Individuals who are high in __________ are affectionate,talkative,active,fun-loving,and passionate.
A) openness to experience
B) neuroticism
C) extroversion
D) conscientiousness
Q3) People who integrate the "masculine" and "feminine" sides of their personalities tend to be
A) lower in autonomy.
B) higher in neuroticism.
C) lower in psychosocial maturity.
D) psychologically healthier.
Q4) Define possible selves.How do they change in midlife?
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following older adults is the most likely to enter a nursing home?
A) Rosa, a Hispanic American
B) Akari, an Asian American
C) Roger, a Caucasian American
D) Rochelle, an African American
Q2) Cerebrovascular dementia
A) is caused by a series of strokes.
B) affects more women than men.
C) is uncommon in Japan due to a low-fat diet.
D) is more common than Alzheimer's disease.
Q3) Depression
A) declines with age.
B) affects about 10 percent of people over age 65.
C) is rarely related to physical illness or pain.
D) can lead to cognitive deterioration.
Q4) Familial Alzheimer's disease
A) generally has an early onset-between ages 30 and 60.
B) progresses more slowly than sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
C) affects genes of chromosomes 3, 13, and 23.
D) typically appears after age 65.
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) When marital dissatisfaction exists in late adulthood,
A) it often takes a greater toll on women than on men.
B) men tend to expend more energy than women in trying to work things out.
C) having high-quality friendships reduces its profoundly negative impact on adjustment.
D) it is more likely to lead to divorce than in middle adulthood.
Q2) Emme selectively attends to and better recalls emotionally positive over negative information.Emme has the ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion.This ability is known as
A) gerotranscendence.
B) ego differentiation.
C) ego transcendence.
D) affect optimization.
Q3) When elder abuse is extreme,__________ offer(s)the best protection.
A) counseling
B) respite services
C) legal action
D) education
Q4) What do older adults typically consider when choosing the right time to retire?
Q5) Discuss the practice of life review in late adulthood.
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bereavement is
A) the response to the loss of a loved one.
B) the experience of losing a loved one by death.
C) the culturally specified expression of thoughts and feelings after a death.
D) intense physical and psychological distress.
Q2) Following her husband's death,Suzanne had to learn to pay the bills and manage the yardwork.This occurs in the __________ phase of the grieving process.
A) avoidance
B) confrontation
C) restoration
D) bargaining
Q3) Discuss the benefits and consequences of dying at home.
Q4) When doctors engage in voluntary active euthanasia,
A) they enable the patient to take his or her own life.
B) they withhold or withdraw treatment.
C) about 80 percent of the population disapproves.
D) judges are usually lenient, granting suspended sentences or probation.
Q5) What physical changes occur in the days before death? List the three phases a person moves through during the transition from life to death.
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