History of Psychology Practice Exam
Course Introduction
History of Psychology explores the origins and evolution of psychological thought and practice from ancient times to the present. This course examines key figures, schools of thought, and pivotal experiments that have shaped the discipline, such as structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitive psychology. Emphasis is placed on the cultural, social, and scientific contexts in which psychological ideas developed, highlighting the interplay between psychology and other fields, as well as the disciplines ongoing impact on society.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to the History of Psychology 6th Edition by B. R. Hergenhahn
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) The ____ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information actively.
A)rationalist
B)empiricist
C)nativist
D)epistemologist
Answer: A
Q2) According to the author of your text,psychology is best defined:
A)as the science of behavior
B)by the professional activities of psychologists
C)as the study of the psyche or mind
D)as the art of behavioral control and prediction
Answer: B
Q3) The approach to writing a history of psychology that combines the best of several approaches is referred to as:
A)presentism
B)eclecticism
C)historicism
D)the Zeitgeist approach
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers
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Q1) ____ proposed an infinite number of elements from which everything comes from called seeds.
A)Democritus
B)Empedocles
C)Anaxagoras
D)Anaximander
Answer: C
Q2) For Aristotle,sensory experience:
A)was the only thing necessary for attaining knowledge
B)was unnecessary for attaining knowledge
C)was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge
D)inhibited the attainment of knowledge
Answer: C
Q3) Aristotle's philosophy included the concept of teleology,the idea that everything in nature has a purpose.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: After Aristotle: A Search for the Good Life
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Q1) St.Augustine presented the ontological argument for the existence of God.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) All of the following were true of Aquinas' theology except:
A)it divided faith and reason
B)it made the study of nature respectable
C)it demonstrated that church dogma was debatable
D)it argued successfully that the Christian church should be as it had been described by St.Augustine
Answer: D
Q3) Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages.
A)the Western world
B)the Roman Empire
C)the Arab world
D)Alexandria
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy
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Q1) Skinner and his followers adopted Bacon's positivistic view of science.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For Bacon,science was to develop theories and hypotheses from the observations made.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Copernicus argued that:
A)there are many life-supporting solar systems in the universe
B)the sun revolves around the earth
C)the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory)
D)neither the geocentric theory nor the heliocentric theory was true
Q4) In his explanation of physical events,Galileo emphasized:
A)forces external to physical events
B)natural places
C)essences
D)purposes
Q5) For Galileo,secondary qualities are pure psychological experiences.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Empiricism,Sensationalism,and Positivism
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Q1) ____ was the belief that the only valid knowledge was scientific knowledge,and that science could solve all human problems.
A)Scientism
B)Utilitarianism
C)Radical environmentalism
D)Natural religion
Q2) According to Locke,ideas:
A)can come from direct sensory experience
B)can come from reflection on the remnants of earlier sensory experience
C)can be simple or complex
D)all of these choices
Q3) Discuss Bain's description and analysis of how voluntary behavior develops.
Q4) La Mettrie believed all of the following except:
A)humans were qualitatively different from nonhuman animals
B)as brain size increases so did level of intelligence
C)if primates could be taught language they would be like humans in almost all respects
D)the smaller the brain the fiercer the animal
Q5) Discuss Comte's positivism and his religion of humanity.
Q6) Briefly describe Berkeley's theory of distance perception.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Rationalism
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Q1) Kant said that sensory impressions are structured by the categories of thought and our phenomenological experience.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Empiricists and rationalists agreed on the concept of the active mind.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Spinoza viewed the mind and the body as:
A)separate but interactive
B)separate but parallel
C)inseparable
D)the same thing
Q4) About psychology,Kant believed:
A)that in order for it to be a science,it must focus on empirical research
B)that in order for it to be a science,it must focus on the categories of thought
C)psychology could not become an experimental science
D)that the mind must be studied scientifically through introspection
Q5) Discuss Spinoza's views on passions and emotions.
Q6) Describe and analyze Leibniz's monadology.
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Chapter 7: Romanticism and Existentialism
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Q1) Discuss Nietzsche's two aspects of human nature and how he applied them to the psychology of humans.
Q2) According to Kierkegaard,God gave humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" and that was:
A)faith
B)sense receptors
C)reasoning ability
D)guilt
Q3) The romantic philosophers said that humans possess many characteristics which we need to take into account.Which of the following is not one of them?
A)irrational feelings
B)intuitions
C)instincts
D)logistics
Q4) The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with:
A)natural law
B)God's will
C)one's own inner nature
D)rationally derived moral principles
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Chapter 8: Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Bell's research indicated a separation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:
A)sensations so accurately reflected physical reality
B)physiological mechanisms provided such accurate information about the physical world
C)sensory systems distorted our knowledge of the physical world to the extent that they do
D)the faculties of the mind could correct the distorted information about the physical world that we received from our senses
Q3) Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the:
A)doctrine of specific nerve energies
B)resonance place theory
C)auditory harp theory
D)trichromatic theory
Q4) Weber was interested in the sense of touch and muscle sense called kinesthesis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Voluntarism,Structuralism,and Other Early
Approaches to Psychology
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Q1) In explaining how the elements of thought combined,Titchener emphasized:
A)apperception
B)creative synthesis
C)traditional associationism
D)an active mind
Q2) To study the higher mental processes,Wundt believed that we must use ____.
A)rationalistic introspection
B)immediate analysis
C)naturalistic observation of various forms
D)controlled experimentation
Q3) The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is:
A)perceived
B)apperceived
C)tri-dimensional
D)where the mental chemistry occurs
Q4) Brentano's views came to be called act psychology.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) Discuss the ideas of imageless thought and mental set that came out of the research of the Würzburg school.
Chapter 10: The Darwinian Influence
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Q1) Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.
A)anthropometry
B)regression toward the mean
C)eugenics
D)the coefficient of correlation
Q2) Present and analyze the current controversy regarding the inheritance of intelligence.
Q3) The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
A)Binet
B)Simon
C)Terman
D)Stern
Q4) Spencer's social Darwinism was rejected in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss social Darwinism and its impact in the U.S. D.Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie,U.S.industrialists,were both supporters.Spencer believed that societies,like individuals,would approximate perfection if natural forces were allowed to operate freely.
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Chapter 11: Functionalism
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Q1) Functionalism as a school eventually died out as its principles were proven wrong.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?
A)James
B)Dewey
C)Hall
D)Münsterberg
Q3) Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement was effective in modifying behavior,but punishment was not.
A)original law of exercise
B)revised law of exercise
C)original law of effect
D)revised law of effect
Q4) Discuss the characteristics of functionalism.
Q5) Describe the experience and work of Francis Sumner (a student of Hall)and Kenneth Clark (a student of Sumner).
Q6) Discuss Thorndike's work with the puzzle box,the results,and his laws of learning.
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Chapter 12: Behaviorism
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Q1) Pavlov believed that his research showed that extinction does not eliminate a response but inhibits its occurrence.This is demonstrated by:
A)spontaneous recovery of the response.
B)the process of disinhibition
C)experimental neurosis
D)both spontaneous recovery of the response and the process of disinhibition
Q2) When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response,the reaction is called:
A)a conditioned response (CR)
B)spontaneous
C)generalization
D)genetically determined
Q3) For Pavlov,the second signal system is primarily used by animals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Watson did not attempt to even discuss language,speech,and thinking.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss McDougall's purposive behavior.
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Chapter 13: Neobehaviorism
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Q1) According to Tolman,the first thing an animal developed in a learning situation was a(n):
A)belief
B)expectancy
C)hypothesis
D)cognitive map
Q2) The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called:
A)positivism
B)logical positivism
C)physicalism
D)radical environmentalism
Q3) According to Guthrie,the process of forgetting results only from:
A)the passage of time
B)repression
C)the deterioration of a neural bond
D)old learning being displaced by new learning
Q4) For Guthrie,movements make up acts,which make up skills.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Gesalt Psychology
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Q1) Because of the principle of ____,incomplete figures are seen as complete.
A)continuity
B)inclusiveness
C)closure
D)proximity
Q2) Köhler criticized the representation of intelligence as an IQ score because:
A)doing so obscured important differences among mental abilities
B)doing so confused precise measurement with an understanding of what was being measured
C)such scores did not satisfactorily correlate with success in school
D)doing so obscured important differences among mental abilities and confused precise measurement with an understanding of what was being measured
Q3) For Kant and the Gestaltists,looking for one-to-one correspondence between sensory experience and conscious experience is doomed to failure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized learning in explaining the phi phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and Treatment of Mental Illness
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Q1) What book became the official manual of the Inquisition?
A)The Deception of Demons
B)Malleus Maleficarum
C)Discovery of Witchcraft
D)Philosophy of Madness
Q2) As discussed in the text,there are two types of sympathetic magic.____ is based on the principle of similarity,while ____ is based on the principle of contiguity.
A)Contagious;homeopathic
B)Unsympathetic;neosympathetic
C)Homeopathic;contagious
D)Sympathetic;homeopathic
Q3) Mesmer's "therapy" was eventually called animal magnetism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches?
A)Paracelsus
B)Agrippa
C)Weyer
D)Pinel
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Chapter 16: Psychoanalysis
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Q1) One of the contributions of Freud's psychoanalysis is the method of data collection employed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Freud,at any given stage of development,the areas of the body on which sexual pleasure was concentrated was called the:
A)G spot
B)erogenous zone
C)naughty part
D)thanatos
Q3) In Psychopathology of Everyday Life,Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue,forgetting things,and small accidents which are called:
A)Parapraxes
B)Overdeterminations
C)Wish fulfillments
D)Thanatoses
Q4) Based on the text,describe two of the criticisms and two of the contributions of Freud's theory.
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Chapter 17: Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Describe/discuss the concepts persona,shadow,animus,and anima.How does each affect human behavior?
Q2) For Jung,dream analysis:
A)provides a window to the collective unconscious
B)helps us understand the ego
C)helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not
D)provides a way to understand the interaction of the animus and the anima
Q3) Which of the following did Anna Freud start?
A)individual psychology
B)collective unconscious
C)ego psychology
D)archetypal psychology
Q4) According to Jung,the ____ tends to be outgoing,candid,and easily adaptable to situations.
A)introvert
B)extrovert
C)archetypical person
D)more than one of these choices
Q5) Describe/discuss Jung's concept of the collective unconscious and the archetype.
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Chapter 18: Humanistic Third-Forcepsychology
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Q1) For humanistic psychology,the goal of psychology should be to formulate a description of what it means to be a human being.Which of the following is not part of that description?
A)the importance of language
B)the valuing process
C)a listing of the basic human drives
D)the ways humans seek and attain meaning in their lives
Q2) If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization,he or she is said to be:
A)deficiency motivated
B)working with need-directed perception
C)being motivated
D)both deficiency motivated and working with need-directed perception.
Q3) Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by all of the following except:
A)genuineness
B)unconditional positive regard
C)conditions of worth
D)empathic understanding
Q4) List and describe the basic tenets of humanistic psychology.
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Chapter 19: Psychobiology
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Q1) Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:
A)corpus callosum
B)optic chiasm
C)both corpus callosum and optic chiasm
D)neither corpus callosum nor optic chiasm
Q2) Roger Sperry and his colleagues found that the interhemispheric transfer of information could be eliminated if the:
A)corpus callosum was ablated before training
B)optic chiasm was ablated before training
C)corpus callosum and the optic chiasm were ablated after training
D)corpus callosum and the optic chiasm were ablated before training
Q3) Lashley's observation that any part of a functional area of the brain could perform the function associated with that area was called:
A)mass action
B)functionalism
C)equipotentiality
D)psychobiology
Q4) Describe Lashley's principles of mass action and equipotentiality.
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Chapter 20: Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) Neisser,in his book Cognition and Reality,argues that information-processing psychology should be replaced by
A)ecological psychology
B)artificial intelligence
C)neural networks
D)back-propagation systems
Q2) Describe and discuss the issues regarding weak and strong artificial intelligence.
Q3) Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____;however,back-propagation systems
____.
A)require extensive training;require a "teacher" to provide feedback on performance
B)require feedback;are self-correcting
C)process several sequences simultaneously;are self-correcting
D)are self-correcting;require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance
Q4) To say that psychology is becoming more cognitively oriented is inaccurate;psychology has almost always been cognitively oriented.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe neural network models and how they work.
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Chapter 21: Contemporary Psychology
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Q1) Briefly address,as the text does,the question "is there anything new in psychology?"
Q2) According to Sternberg and Grigorenko,what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?
A)the tension between those who hold Ph.D.s and those who hold Psy.D.s
B)the tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology
C)the tension between academic and clinical psychologists
D)the tension between the APA and the APS
Q3) It is currently estimated that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA)identify themselves as health care providers.
A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)70%
Q4) It is rare to find a psychologist who believes that psychology is a unified discipline.
A)True
B)False
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