Histology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and cells in plants and animals. This course explores the organization and function of the four basic tissue types epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue while emphasizing the correlation between their structure and function. Through lectures and laboratory sessions, students will learn to identify histological features of major organs and organ systems using various staining and microscope techniques, gaining a foundational understanding essential for fields such as medicine, biology, and biomedical research.
Recommended Textbook Beckers World of the Cell 8th Edition by Jeff Hardin
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Preview of the Cell
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Sample Questions
Q1) You have been a sample of Mimivirus,which has the largest capsid diameter of all currently known viruses (600 nm)and is hexagon shaped (icosahedral).Based on your knowledge of microscopes,what would you be able to see/determine about mimiviral structure using each of the following microscopes?
a.simple compound (light)microscope
b.fluorescent microscope using fluorescently labeled antibodies to a novel capsid protein
c.magnetic resonance force microscope
Answer: a.Light microscope: will be able to see basic viral shape,especially if particles are stained
b.Fluorescent microscope: should illuminate the outside of the viral particles
c.Magnetic resonance microscope: would allow imaging of the various macromolecules of the nucleus and capsid
Q2) ________ is a biochemical technique that allows one to separate biological molecules based on size,shape,and/or affinity for specific molecules or functional groups.
Answer: Chromatography
Q3) The total protein content of the cell is called the ________.
Answer: proteome
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of the Cell
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Q1) ________ aid in the assembly of some biomolecules.
Answer: Molecular chaperones
Q2) While fishing,a biology student makes the following observations:
1)Water spiders appear to be able walk on the surface of the water.
2)Flat rocks may be made to skip across the water.
A)Water is an excellent solvent.
B)Water molecules create spheres of hydration around solute molecules.
C)Water molecules are cohesive.
D)Water molecules are often associated via hydrogen bonds.
E)both choices C and D
Answer: E
Q3) Which of the following is false regarding water's specific heat?
A)The specific heat of water is 1.0 calorie per gram.
B)Heat applied to water must initially break a number of hydrogen bonds.
C)Water's high specific heat has a temperature-buffering effect.
D)Water gains and loses heat more slowly than most other solvents do.
E)The specific heat of water is similar to most liquids.
Answer: E
Q4) In order to facilitate polymerization,monomers must be ________.
Answer: activated
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Macromolecules of the Cell
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a steroid?
A)testosterone
B)estradiol
C)cortisol
D)aldosterone
E)epinephrine
Answer: E
Q2) Small RNA molecules (20-30 nucleotides in length)that have recently been found to have biological function include
A)microRNAs (miRNA).
B)silencing RNAs (siRNA).
C)messaging RNAs (mRNA).
D)both choices A and C
E)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) ________ and ________ are the scientists responsible for the concept of the DNA double helix.
Answer: James Watson; Francis Crick
Q4) Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to ________.
Answer: proteins
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Chapter 4: Cells and Organelles
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Q1) Which of the following is true of a lysosome?
A)The lysosome may mature from a late endosome.
B)The lysosome may function in glycosylation.
C)The contents of the lysosome originate in the smooth ER.
D)The lysosome functions in export packaging.
E)all of the above
Q2) Which of the following organelles is not generally found in animal cells?
A)food vacuole
B)centriole
C)endoplasmic reticulum
D)central vacuole
E)mitochondrion
Q3) Which of the following is a eukaryotic characteristic?
A)cell fission
B)membrane-bounded nucleus
C)little processing of RNA
D)70S ribosomes
E)none of the above
Q4) As a cell increases in size,the surface area ________ and the volume ________.
Q5) Tubulin is to microtubules as ________ is to microfilaments.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Bioenergetics: the Flow of Energy in the Cell
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Q1) Energy is important to life forms because
A)all life forms require a continuous supply of it.
B)it is required to do work.
C)it is required to make specific alterations in the cell.
D)both choices A and B
E)choices A, B, and C
Q2) Any process that results in a decrease in the free energy of the system is called ________.
Q3) A spontaneous reaction
A)has to occur immediately.
B)will never occur.
C)has an overall positive free energy change.
D)could occur but might take a very long time.
E)is associated exclusively with homeothermic organisms.
Q4) Within biological systems,there are always reactions that seem to occur when thermodynamically they should not.An example is in the process of glycolysis, G°' = 2183.6 kJ/mol.How is this possible,when cells are governed by the laws of thermodynamics?
Q5) Fermentation is a process that proceeds without oxygen.Such a process can be described as ________.
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Chapter 6: Enzymes: the Catalysts of Life
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Q1) All of the following are associated with substration activation except
A)bond distortion.
B)proton transfer.
C)electron transfer.
D)intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
E)neutron transfer.
Q2) Two specific coenzymes we need to obtain from our diet are niacin and ________,as our bodies cannot synthesize them.
Q3) The equation A-PO + B A + B-PO would be catalyzed by which of the following classes of enzymes?
A)transferases
B)oxidoreductases
C)hydrolases
D)ligases
E)isomerases
Q4) A nonprotein component of an enzyme that is usually a metal ion or small organic molecule is called a(n)________.
Q5) ________ inhibitors bind reversibly at the active site of an enzyme.
Q6) ________ is the turnover number for a given enzyme.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Membranes: Their Structure, function, and Chemistry
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Q1) Lipid rafts have been associated with which of the following?
A)responses to extracellular signals
B)transport of nutrients across cell membranes
C)immune responses
D)transport of cholera toxin into cells
E)all of the above
Q2) The most common number of carbons in fatty acid hydrocarbon chains of membrane phospholipids is
A)7.
B)10.
C)16.
D)19.
E)24.
Q3) Which of the following disorders is the result of impaired glycosphingolipid metabolism?
A)leprosy
B)glycosphingolipid anemia
C)polydactyly
D)tuberculosis
E)Tay-Sachs disease
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Transport Across Membranes: Overcoming the
Permeability
Barrier
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Sample Questions
Q1) You wish to dehydrate a piece of meat using solutions of varying salt concentrations.The best concentration to use would be
A)0.01%.
B)0.09%.
C)0.9%.
D)1%.
E)10%.
Q2) The Na /K pump actively moves
A)2 Na in, 3 K out.
B)2 Na out, 3 K in.
C)3 Na in 2 K out.
D)3 Na out, 2 K in.
E)1 Na out, 1 K in.
Q3) Facilitated diffusion implies that energy in which form is NOT required?
A)ATP
B)oxygen
C)Na
D)glucose
E)light
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Q4) In the capillaries of the lungs,O diffuses ________ and is bound to ________.
Chapter 9: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation
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Q1) Which of the following is not a fermentation product?
A)ethanol
B)lactate
C)propionate
D)dihydroxyacetone
E)butyrate
Q2) Resonance ________ describes a condition in which extra electrons are delocalized over all possible bonds.
Q3) Glycolytic enzymes have been found to have roles in all of the following except A)transcriptional repression.
B)apoptosis inhibition.
C)transcriptional activator.
D)GTP hydrolysis.
E)cell migration.
Q4) The purpose of the fermentation process is the A)regeneration of NAD .
B)generation of additional energy in the form of ATP.
C)generation of additional reducing equivalents.
D)production of novel compounds, such as inorganic acids.
E)all of the above
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Chapter 10: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Aerobic Respiration
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Q1) Pyruvate passes freely across some intracellular membranes.The membranes of the ________ must be crossed by pyruvate prior to its oxidation during respiration.
Q2) When utilizing fats as an energy source,the glycerol portion enters the ________ when it has been converted to ________.
A)TCA cycle; pyruvate
B)glycolysis; fructose-6-phosphate
C)TCA cycle; acetyl CoA
D)electron transport system; CoQ
E)glycolysis; dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Q3) Protruding from the inner membrane of the mitochondria into the matrix are knoblike spheres called ________ complexes,which are attached by a short protein stalk to a(n)________ complex. Together these complexes are referred to as the ________ complex.
Q4) Pyruvate dehydrogenase is regulated by all of the following except A)NADH.
B)ATP.
C)AMP.
D)acetyl CoA.
E)CO .
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Phototrophic Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
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Q1) All of the following are true regarding anoxygenic photosynthesis except A)a water molecule is split.
B)sulfide or thiosulfate can act as electron donors.
C)absorbed light energy is typically in the near ultraviolet and far red ranges of the light spectrum.
D)NADPH is regenerated by photoreduction.
E)it is a light-driven oxidation-reduction process.
Q2) The Calvin cycle in C plants occurs in ________ cells,whereas the Calvin cycle in C plants occurs in the ________.
Q3) ________ proteins stabilize the arrangement of the chlorophyll within a photosystem and modify the absorption spectra of specific chlorophyll molecules.
Q4) Which of the following statements accurately describes the Calvin cycle?
A)It is a carbon assimilation process.
B)In this process, carbon dioxide is reduced to organic sugars.
C)It occurs in the chloroplast stroma.
D)The Calvin cycle is a means of carbon fixation.
E)all of the above
Q5) Chlorophyll is comprised of a central ________ containing a(n)________ ion and a(n)________ side chain.
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Chapter 12: The Endomembrane System and Peroxisomes
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Q1) Ribosomes that do not anchor to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum during translation most probably
A)are synthesizing cytoplasmic proteins.
B)have a defect in ribosomal proteins that allow attachment to the ER.
C)have a signal/trafficking error.
D)do not make the appropriate anchor protein.
E)all of the above
Q2) During receptor-mediated endocytosis,the ultimate fate of the vesicle and/or its contents include(s)
A)transcytosis.
B)transport to late endosome for digestion.
C)recycling of receptors.
D)only choices B and C
E)choices A, B, and C
Q3) Compared with the trans-Golgi proteins,the cis-Golgi proteins would
A)be identical.
B)be shorter in length.
C)be glycosylated and contain amino acid modifications.
D)contain sialic acid.
E)be glycosylated only.
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Chapter 13: Signal Transduction Mechanisms: Ielectrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons
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Q1) ________ is a technique used to measure ion currents passing through individual channels along a nerve cell.
Q2) Exposure to sarin,a potent nerve gas,results in muscle paralysis.Therefore,sarin must interfere with which neurotransmitter?
A)serotonin
B)GABA
C)dopamine
D)enkephalins
E)glutamate
Q3) Synaptic vesicles are synthesized in the nerve ________.
Q4) Which of the following statements about action potentials is false?
A)Electrical signals are propagated along a dendrite.
B)They require rapid changes in membrane potential.
C)Due to leaking, membranes are subject to subthreshold depolarization, which is insufficient to produce the action potential.
D)At the end of the action potential, most neurons show a transient hyperpolarization.
E)A refractory period is always necessary following an action potential.
Q5) ________ receptors act more slowly because they act in a(n)________ manner.
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Chapter 14: Signal Transduction Mechanisms: Iimessengers and Receptors
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Q1) In animal eggs,once fertilization occurs,________ are the second messengers that trigger egg activation.
Q2) Which of the following would be characterized as a juxtacrine signal?
A)contact-dependent
B)endocrine
C)self-responding
D)distal neighbors
E)both choices B and D
Q3) A developing organism's failure to produce muscle tissue is most likely due to
A)underdevelopment of the ectoderm.
B)underdevelopment of the endoderm.
C)fibroblast growth factor receptor mutations.
D)adenylate cyclase mutations.
E)missing chromosomes.
Q4) ________ produces the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG).
Q5) ________ nucleotides are common signals in animal cells but not in plant cells.
Q6) The ultimate,coordinated response of cells to a vast array of signals from the environment is known as ________.
Page 16
Q7) The -subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein is active when bound to ________.
Q8) The G subunit is responsible for activation of ________.
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Chapter 15: Cytoskeletal Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) F-actin filaments
A)are composed of four linear strands.
B)are composed of polymerized G-actin monomers wound around each other in a helix.
C)are oriented similar to DNA, with strands helical and antiparallel to one another.
D)are composed of G-actin dimers.
E)polymerize at the same rate in both directions from both ends of the filament.
Q2) Which of the following cytoskeletal proteins can be found in prokaryotes?
A)crescentin
B)tubulin
C)keratin
D)vimentin
E)actin
Q3) All of the following are roles of microfilaments except
A)mitotic spindle formation.
B)muscle cell contraction.
C)amoeboid movement.
D)cytoplasmic streaming.
E)cell migration.
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Chapter 16: Cellular Movement: Motility and Contractility
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Q1) Which of the following statements is correct with respect to flagella and cilia?
A)Flagella display an oarlike pattern of beating.
B)Cilia generate a force parallel to the cell surface.
C)There are usually fewer cilia than flagella.
D)Cilia are generally longer than flagella.
E)Cilia often have a helical pattern of movement.
Q2) Tubulin subunits are added to growing cilia or flagella by ________.
Q3) After death,the lack of ATP stops the dissociation of cross-bridges,and the muscle is locked in a stiff,rigid state called ________.
Q4) Primary cilia have a ________ structure and are observed in ________ structures.
A)9 + 2; neural
B)9 + 0; neural
C)9 + 2; sensory
D)9 + 0; sensory
E)9 + 4; developmental
Q5) The microtubule-associated protein ________ provides motion toward the minus end of the microtubule.
Q6) When migrating cells move toward a greater concentration of a diffusible chemical,the chemical is called a ________.
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Beyond the Cell: Cell Adhesions, cell Junctions, and Extracellular Structures
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Q1) The function of integrin-linked kinase during integrin-based signaling is
A)integrin activation.
B)anchorage-dependent growth.
C)scaffolding protein.
D)cell movement.
E)anchorage-independent growth.
Q2) Free ________ molecules have lubricating properties and are therefore abundant in the joints,for example.
Q3) Collagens are associated with which of the following types of cellular junctions?
A)gap junctions
B)tight junctions
C)plasmodesmata
D)adhesive junctions
E)none of the above
Q4) Cancer cells metastasize due to a variety of interactions with cell adhesions,cell junctions,and the extracellular matrix.Explain how cancer cells metastasize by three different mechanisms via cellular adhesion,cell junctions,and the extracellular matrix.
Q5) A(n)________ is the ring of cytoplasm lining the plasmodesmata.
Page 20
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Chapter 18: The Structural Basis of Cellular Information:
DNA, chromosomes, and the Nucleus
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Q1) Two common transposable elements associated with interspersed repeated DNA are ________ and ________.
Q2) With which organelle membrane would you expect to find the receptor protein importin?
A)mitochondrion
B)nucleolus
C)chloroplast
D)plastid
E)nucleus
Q3) Which of the following is the correct order of the levels of DNA packaging in eukaryotic chromosomes?
A)nucleosome chromatin fiber looped domains heterochromatin
B)nucleosome looped domains chromatin fiber heterochromatin
C)heterochromatin nucleosome chromatin fiber looped domains
D)chromatin fiber heterochromatin nucleosome looped domains
E)chromatin fiber nucleosome looped domains heterochromatin
Q4) ________ are the entire set of RNAs that can be produced by a genome.
Q5) ________ is the name given to DNA characterization based upon digestion of DNA with specific restriction enzymes.
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Chapter 19: The Cell Cycle, DNA Replication, and Mitosis
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Q1) DNA replication of linear chromosomes has multiple sites known as ________.
Q2) Which of the following would not inhibit a cell preparing to undergo mitosis?
A)chromosomal abnormalities
B)Cdc-activating kinase activity
C)Chk1 inhibtion of Cdc25
D)p21 inhibition of G
E)environmental signals that no new cells are needed
Q3) Phosphorylation of ________ is required for chromosome condensation.
A)condensin
B)cyclin
C)DNA gyrase
D)topoisomerase II
E)both choices A and B
Q4) The region of the centromere contains repeated DNA sequences known as ________.
Q5) All of the following circular DNAs exhibit theta replication except A)bacteria.
B)mitochondria.
C)chloroplasts.
D)plasmids.
E)protists.
Page 22
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Chapter 20: Sexual Reproduction, meiosis, and Genetic
Recombination
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Q1) During bacterial conjugation,you wish to examine genes associated with the F plasmid of your bacterial strain of interest,as you feel that it possesses an additional gene.You are able to easily determine the presence or absence of the gene you believe to be associated with the plasmid.In order to investigate this possibility,you must allow conjugation between your strain and a compatible strain that is
A)an Hfr strain.
B)another F strain.
C)an F' strain.
D)an F strain.
E)the same F strain.
Q2) ________ is the mechanism by which some organisms,such as Komodo dragons,can develop eggs into zygotes without the need of sperm.
Q3) There is a great need for organs by humans that far exceeds the number available in the organ banks.Many times an available organ cannot be used because of tissue mismatches.Describe how you could use transgenic animals to fill this need.Also,what may be some of the possible negative aspects to such a treatment?
Q4) Some mice,known as ________ mice,are genetically bred to be missing particular genes.
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Chapter 21: Gene Expression: Ithe Genetic Code and Transcription
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Q1) RNA polymerase recognizes which of the following DNA regions in transcription?
A)promoter
B)operator
C)attenuator
D)leader
E)structural gene
Q2) A more contemporary technique for identification of promoter sequences is the ________ assay.
Q3) In the absence of retroviruses,eukaryotes may also undergo reverse transcription if which of the following is present?
A)Alu
B)retrograde viruses
C)retrotransposons
D)prions
E)none of the above
Q4) Which of the following is not associated with mRNA processing in eukaryotes?
A)addition of a 5' methyl guanosine cap
B)3' polyadenylation
C)removal of introns
D)removal of exons
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Chapter 22: Gene Expression: Iiprotein Synthesis and Sorting
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Q1) In working with a potentially new antibiotic,you are attempting to determine where in prokaryotic translation this antibiotic has its effect.You have determined thus far that it interacts with a translational factor but need to identify which one.If this antibiotic interfered with elongation,which of the following factors could be a potential site of action?
A)IF3 interaction with an aminoacyl tRNA
B)EF-Tu placement of N-formylmethionine onto the ribosome
C)EF-Tu interaction with an aminoacyl tRNA
D)EF-Ts translocation of tRNAs from the A site to the P site
E)all of the above
Q2) The ________ (enzymes)link amino acids with their appropriate tRNAs.
Q3) Of the following steps associated with translation,which does not involve hydrolysis of GTP?
A)aminoacylation of tRNA
B)formation of the initiation complex
C)binding of the aminoacyl tRNA to the codon at the A site
D)translocation of the ribosome
E)release of polypeptide
Q4) The ________ allows for flexibility in the codon:anticodon interaction at the third position.
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Chapter 23: The Regulation of Gene Expression
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Q1) Riboswitches have been observed in A)prokaryotes.
B)eukaryotes.
C)fungi.
D)algae.
E)yeast.
Q2) You are examining an enzyme associated with mannose catabolism.As such,you would expect the protein to be A)degraded.
B)a hormone.
C)induced by mannose.
D)expressed only during development.
E)expressed only in neurons.
Q3) Which of the following is not a structural motif associated with transcriptional regulation?
A)combinatorial model
B)helix-turn-helix
C)zinc finger
D)leucine zipper
E)helix-loop-helix
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Chapter 24: Cancer Cells
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Q1) The group of proteins associated with the binding of cells to the extracellular matrix are the A)integrins.
B)monolins.
C)MHC.
D)matrix metalloproteins.
E)RAS proteins.
Q2) A cell that has lost its capacity to grow in vitro as a monolayer is now A)benign.
B)malignant.
C)transformed.
D)anchorage independent.
E)free ranging.
Q3) The correct order of events in metastasis of a cancer is
A)invasion angiogenesis transport new site
B)transport invasion angiogenesis new site
C)transport angiogenesis invasion new site
D)angiogenesis invasion transport new site
E)angiogenesis transport invasion new site
Q4) How does genetic instability arise,and how might you test your hypothesis?
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