Health Sciences Research Exam Review
Course Introduction
Health Sciences Research introduces students to the fundamental concepts, methodologies, and ethical considerations involved in conducting scientific investigations within the health sciences. The course covers the formulation of research questions, study design, data collection and analysis, critical appraisal of scientific literature, and the interpretation and dissemination of findings. Students will also explore qualitative and quantitative research methods, the importance of evidence-based practice, and strategies for translating research into policy and clinical practice, providing a comprehensive foundation for future scholarly or professional pursuits in the health sector.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 8th Edition by
Geri LoBiondoWood
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21 Chapters
535 Verified Questions
535 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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21 Verified Questions
21 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A novice nurse researcher is comparing the processes used in nursing research and in evidence-based practice. What differences, if any, exist between the two processes?
A) As scientific processes, they are fundamentally the same and should result in parallel outcomes.
B) Both processes involve testing a question with an appropriate design and specific methodology.
C) In a research study the question is tested with an appropriate design and specific methodology, whereas in evidence-based practice the question is used to search the research literature to find answers.
D) In evidence-based practice, qualitative studies are critically appraised to answer a clinical question, whereas in nursing research, quantitative studies are reviewed to provide a foundation for the study.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse has defined the research question as, "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?
A) Correlational nonexperimental
B) Comparative nonexperimental
C) Quantitative experimental
D) Grounded theory nonexperimental
Answer: A
Q2) A nurse states the purpose of a research study as, "This study will compare the effect of warm and cold applications on the resolution of intravenous (IV) infiltrations in hospitalized older-adult patients in the early postoperative period." In this statement, what constitutes the independent variable(s)?
A) Postoperative older adult patients
B) Early postoperative period
C) Warm and cold applications
D) Resolution of IV infiltrations
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which objective of a review of the literature is unique to a review for research purposes, rather than a review for evidence-based practice?
A) Discover conceptual frameworks used to examine problems
B) Generate useful research questions and hypotheses
C) Determine what is unknown about a subject, as well as what requires clarification
D) Uncover a new practice intervention or gain support for current interventions and policies
Answer: B
Q2) Which of these electronic databases is the most relevant and frequently used source for nursing literature?
A) MEDLINE
B) CINAHL
C) Cochrane Collaboration
D) National Guideline Clearinghouse
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) How is a model related to a concept or concepts?
A) A model tests conceptual theories.
B) A concept defines the purpose of a model.
C) Relationships between or among concepts are demonstrated in a model.
D) Concepts generate the theoretical basis for knowledge depicted in a model.
Q2) In which way are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher?
A) Practice is the operational definition of theory.
B) Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
C) Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
D) Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
Q3) Which phrase correctly defines a theory?
A) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
B) The assumptions and beliefs of the worldview of the researcher
C) A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
D) A researcher's best guess of the direction of the relationship between variables
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) The findings of a qualitative research study describe the main essence of an experience but also show how the experience varies, depending on the individual or context. These results fall into which of Kearney's categories of qualitative research findings?
A) Restricted by a priori frameworks
B) Descriptive categories
C) Shared pathway or meaning
D) Description of experiential variation
Q2) The determining factor for a researcher in selecting a qualitative research approach should be what?
A) The need to test a theory
B) The nature of the research question
C) The age and gender of the research participants
D) The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon
Q3) Computer management of qualitative data can assist a nurse researcher with which of these processes?
A) Organization of data
B) Interpretation of data
C) Credibility of data
D) Synthesis of data
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which title suggests an ethnographic study?
A) The phenomenon of breast self-examination among African American women
B) The lived experience of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
C) The need for culturally sensitive cancer prevention patient education materials
D) The challenge of retaining femininity after mastectomy
Q2) Why is the literature review often limited in a study using grounded theory methods?
A) Research using grounded theory methods is sparse.
B) Grounded theory is more sensitive to cultural values than to the researcher's values.
C) Theories are expected to emerge directly from the data and not from previous research.
D) Limiting the literature review ensures that the researcher's personal biases are bracketed.
Q3) What is the foundation for the grounded theory method of qualitative research?
A) Philosophy
B) Spirituality
C) Cultural anthropology
D) Social science
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8
Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the report of a qualitative research study, what does a theme represent?
A) A guideline for evaluating the appropriateness of the study
B) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
C) A label that describes key ideas shared by study participants
D) The relationship between the study's hypotheses and the research questions
Q2) One outcome of collecting evidence about a phenomenon of interest in a qualitative research study may be what?
A) Triangulation
B) Participant cross-checking
C) Metasynthesis
D) Instrument development
Q3) Which activity represents attention to credibility in a qualitative study?
A) Ensuring that all subjects self-identified with a specific ethnic group.
B) Providing direct quotations from study participants.
C) Identifying the basic social psychological process (BSP) under study.
D) Determining usefulness of the data outside of the study.
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9
Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse researcher is designing a quantitative research study involving a specific group of patients admitted to local hospitals. Which factor would negatively affect the feasibility of this study?
A) The local region has a high percentage of families that could participate in the study.
B) Potential study subjects represented less than 1% of hospital admissions during the year previous to the study.
C) Study participants who were hospitalized children younger than 5 years could not give direct informed consent to participate in the study.
D) A comprehensive review of the literature revealed no studies were conducted that examined this question during the past 15 years.
Q2) A nurse researcher can control for selection bias in a study by taking which of these actions?
A) Allow subjects to self-select into an experimental or a control group
B) Handpick the subjects for group assignment
C) Use defined selection criteria for approaching potential subjects
D) Have someone other than the researcher select the subjects for the study
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) A research study is planned to determine the effect of nutritional supplementation and type of support surface on the rate of wound healing in sacral myocutaneous flap failures. Which is an independent variable in this study? (Select all that apply.)
A) Rate of wound healing
B) Sacral myocutaneous flap
C) Retailer source of protein supplement
D) Type of support surface
E) Nutritional supplementation
Q2) Which of these criteria is most important when evaluating the results of an experimental research study?
A) The size of the experimental group compared with the size of the control group.
B) The validity that the experimental treatment caused the desired effect on the outcome.
C) The congruence of research questions to the purpose and hypotheses.
D) The ability of the researcher to apply the findings to clinical or practice settings.
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) A nurse researcher would decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study for which reason?
A) Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue.
B) There is maximal opportunity to manipulate the independent variable.
C) The dependent variable is measured at multiple times to examine maturation.
D) The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable.
Q2) What features identify a study as methodologic in design? (Select all that apply.)
A) A description of how the tool's items were formulated
B) A description of the experimental treatment
C) A clear definition of how the construct was measured
D) A reporting on the tool's tested reliability and validity
E) A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable
Q3) What type of research will assist a nurse researcher in focusing on the theory and development of measurement instruments?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Psychometrics
C) Methodology
D) Data management
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12
Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) ___ references and tables
Q2) ___ authors and contact person
Q3) ___ methods for selecting studies for review
Q4) ___ analysis of the located studies
Q5) ___ plain language summary
Q6) ___ results
Q7) ___ background of the question
Q8) ___ type of studies reviewed
Q9) The highest level of evidence is known to be provided by what?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Effect size
D) Integrative review
Q10) What terms means a summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration Page 13
Q11) ___ implications for research and practice
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the process of selecting representative units of a population for study in a research investigation?
A) Sampling
B) Snowballing
C) Delimination
D) Random assignment
Q2) A nurse researcher has made a generalization on the basis of the experience of a small number of participants. What will the result of this be?
A) The small sample will invalidate the hypotheses.
B) The researcher will be unable to eliminate his or her bias.
C) The data obtained from a small number will inadequately represent the phenomenon.
D) The small number of participants will increase the threat to internal validity influenced by history.
Q3) The primary characteristic of a probability sample is considered to be what?
A) Self-selection of subjects
B) Random selection of the sample
C) Subjects handpicked by the researcher
D) Representation of proportional segments of the population
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) How should a completed and signed informed consent form be handled?
A) It is turned over to the agency's institutional review board (IRB) for safekeeping.
B) It is sent to the National Institutes of Health Office of Research Integrity.
C) It is filed in a locked filing cabinet, separate from data generated by the study.
D) It is copied, with one given to the participant and the other held by the researcher.
Q2) The nurse researcher is planning a research study that will use human subjects and their choice to participate in a specific treatment. The ethical principle guiding the research study that describes the nurse researcher's obligation to benefit others is what?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Confidentiality
D) Respect for persons
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Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) What is the nurse researcher's primary concern in data collection for research?
A) Flexibility in data collection
B) Consistency in data collection
C) Accurate interpretation of data collected
D) Averaging of numerical scores to reduce the effect of outliers
Q2) A nurse researcher is working with students experiencing test anxiety. The nurse has the students take a test while she watches through a two-way mirror. What does this approach incorporate? (Select all that apply.)
A) Observation
B) Interviewing
C) Reactivity
D) Structured interviewing
E) Concealment
Q3) The nurse researcher informs subjects that he or she would like to include them in a research study and that they can refuse to participate through what?
A) Informed consent
B) Concealment with intervention
C) Unauthorized research
D) Concealment without intervention
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Page 17
Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse researcher would want to use a Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) coefficient to establish the internal consistency of an instrument in which case?
A) When questions are open-ended
B) When multiple choice tests are analyzed
C) When the instrument uses a Likert-type response scale
D) When the instrument is designed to measure more than one concept
Q2) When the nurse researcher demonstrates that an instrument is highly reliable, which type of error is reduced?
A) Random error
B) Variance error
C) Persistent error
D) Systematic error
Q3) Which type of validity is demonstrated by administering a test in which all items relate to wound care, and then evaluating student performance in caring for patients with wounds in the clinical setting?
A) Face validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Criterion-related validity
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse researcher opts to use a measure of variability. Which measure of variability does the researcher recognize as being most unstable?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Range
D) Semiquartile range
Q2) The nurse researcher finds that the data include a score reported to be in the 75th percentile. The researcher interprets this to mean what?
A) The score is at the median.
B) The score has exceeded the mode.
C) The score is exceeded by only 25% of the cases.
D) The score represents the average of all scores measured at this time.
Q3) The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research study in which case?
A) When the distribution is uneven.
B) When the distribution is wide.
C) When the distribution is narrow.
D) When the distribution is symmetrical.
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) Limitations of a study are often attributed to what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Instruments
B) Sampling methods
C) Analysis
D) Literature review
Q2) Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if data collection was consistent?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q3) Which section of the report will allow the nurse researcher to determine the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Recommendations
D) Methods
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Page 20
Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) Why would a study involving continuous handrail support, oxygen uptake, and heart rate in women during submaximal step treadmill exercise be quasi-experimental in design versus experimental?
A) The sample size was small.
B) Randomization was not used in sample selection.
C) The dependent variables were not manipulated.
D) The independent variables were not manipulated.
Q2) A nursing student is critiquing a research study on the effects of test anxiety reduction and a review course on National Council Licensure Examination-Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) success rates of graduate nurses. The student notes several threats to internal validity. These threats affect the accuracy of which variables? (Select all that apply.)
A) NCLEX success rates
B) Test anxiety reduction
C) Graduate nurses
D) Review course
E) Type of nursing program
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21
Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) The vertical line in a graphic of a systematic review represents what?
A) An odds ratio of 1
B) The 95% CI
C) The findings from an individual study
D) The amount of information in an individual study
Q2) What type of study would be most appropriate if the nurse researcher is seeking to answer a question about the effectiveness of a particular treatment?
A) Descriptive
B) Correlational
C) Exploratory
D) Quasi-experimental
E) Qualitative
Q3) To assess the efficacy of a specific intervention, which type of clinical category should the student investigate in appraising study results?
A) Therapy
B) Sensitivity and specificity
C) Prognosis
D) Harm
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) To determine the guiding steps involved in actualizing EBP, the researcher should expect to study the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care in conjunction with what?
A) Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews
B) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
C) Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Model
D) The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)'s National Guideline Clearinghouse
Q2) What should a nurse researcher use to guide the analysis of data collected from subjects who meet study inclusion and exclusion criteria for the purpose of answering specific research questions that test specified hypotheses?
A) Dissemination of research
B) Metasynthesis of research
C) Utilization of research
D) Conduct of research
Q3) ___ use data to assist staff in modifying or integrating the evidence-based practice change
Q4) ___ provide feedback of analyzed data to staff
Q5) ___ design data collection forms
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) Improved patient loyalty leading to repeat business
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q2) Alignment of improvement activities at all levels to an organization's strategic intent
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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