Health Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Health Psychology explores the interplay between psychological factors and physical health, examining how behavior, cognition, and emotion influence the onset, progression, and management of illness. The course covers key concepts such as stress and coping mechanisms, health behavior change, patient communication, pain management, and the psychological impact of chronic and acute health conditions. Students will learn about theoretical models of health behavior, intervention strategies to promote wellness, and the role of individual, social, and cultural factors in health-related decision-making. Through case studies and empirical research, the course emphasizes how psychological principles can be applied to improve health outcomes and quality of life.
Recommended Textbook
Development Through the Lifespan 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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Q1) G.Stanley Hall and his student,Arnold Gesell,__________.
A) discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species
B) launched the normative approach
C) constructed the first standardized intelligence test
D) were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory
Answer: B
Q2) Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom.This is an example of a __________.
A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) natural experiment
D) field experiment
Answer: D
Q3) In an experiment,the independent variable __________.
A) is the one the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable
B) is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable
C) cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher
D) is the number that describes how two measures are associated with each other
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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Q1) Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because __________.
A) males are more likely than females to inherit harmful recessive alleles
B) the Y chromosome is much longer than the X chromosome
C) the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those on the X chromosome
D) his sex chromosomes match, which makes him more susceptible to disease
Answer: C
Q2) Autosomes are chromosomes that are __________.
A) sex cells
B) zygotes
C) not matching
D) not sex cells
Answer: D
Q3) Which statement about child care in the United States is true?
A) Much of it is mediocre to poor in quality.
B) Affordable care is guaranteed by law.
C) National standards ensure quality care.
D) Publicly funded child care is easily available.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby
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Q1) Heaven was born several weeks before her due date.Although she was small,her birth weight was appropriate,based on time spent in the uterus.Heaven is a __________ infant.
A) small-for-date
B) small-for-weight
C) mature
D) preterm
Answer: D
Q2) Liz is 36 weeks pregnant.A rise in her baby's heart rate is probably followed within five seconds by __________.
A) a burst of motor activity
B) a period of sleep
C) a rise in Liz's heart rate
D) a drop in Liz's body temperature
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Q1) Among the __________,babies hold their heads up,sit alone,and walk considerably earlier than North American infants.
A) Gusii of Kenya
B) West Indians of Jamaica
C) rural northeastern Chinese
D) Zinacanteco Indians of southern Mexico
Q2) Around 2 months,infants __________.
A) reach 20/20 vision
B) achieve adultlike color vision
C) display sensitivity to pictorial depth cues
D) can focus on objects about as well as adults
Q3) Children who experienced marasmus or kwashiorkor display __________.
A) few conduct problems
B) increased fine-motor coordination
C) a more intense stress response
D) little to no lasting damage to organs
Q4) Describe how cultural variations in infant-rearing practices affect motor development.
Page 6
Q5) Discuss the two growth patterns that describe the changes in body proportions as a child grows.
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Q1) Define the concepts of adaptation,assimilation,and accommodation.Explain how the balance between assimilation and accommodation varies over time with regard to cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.
Q2) A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.
A) sensorimotor reflex
B) circular reaction
C) mental representation
D) goal-directed behavior
Q3) Recent research indicates that __________ earlier than Piaget expected.
A) infants actively search for hidden objects
B) the first signs of problem solving by analogy emerge
C) infants master the A-B object search
D) toddlers engage in make-believe play
Q4) Challenges to Chomsky's theory suggest that __________.
A) more experimentation and learning are involved than he assumed
B) the ability to master a grammatically complex language is not unique to humans
C) there is no sensitive period for language acquisition
D) children acquire language more quickly than he suggested
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Q1) Quality of attachment is usually secure and stable for __________.
A) babies of depressed mothers
B) babies who have experienced maltreatment
C) low-SES babies from families with many daily stressors
D) middle-SES babies experiencing favorable life conditions
Q2) Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat.Alayna is prone to angry outbursts.These descriptions refer to __________.
A) temperament
B) effortful control
C) reactivity
D) self-regulation
Q3) In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase,babies display __________.
A) separation anxiety
B) stranger anxiety
C) social referencing
D) goodness of fit
Q4) When anxious or unhappy,Baby Meredith prefers to be comforted by her mother.Tim,her father,is concerned that Meredith will not become attached to him.What information can you provide to reassure Tim?
Q5) Describe separation anxiety.When does it occur?
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Although rates of left-handedness are relatively high in tribal and village cultures,in a study of one such society in New Guinea,individuals who __________ were far more likely to be extremely right-handed.
A) had a left-handed parent
B) had intellectual disabilities
C) did not engage in athletic activities
D) had attended school in childhood
Q2) As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,__________.
A) balance improves greatly
B) their center of gravity shifts upward
C) gross-motor development slows
D) fine-motor development slows
Q3) Five- and 6-year-olds __________.
A) typically make gestures on paper to represent their thoughts
B) create conventional figures, with the head and body differentiated
C) do not yet add features, such as eyes, nose, mouth, and hair
D) do not yet use lines to represent the boundaries of objects
Q4) Dominic is left-handed.He would like to know if his infant son is likely to be left-handed or right-handed.What can you tell him about the roles of nature and nurture in handedness?
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Empathy __________.
A) is more often expressed in toddlerhood than in the preschool years
B) leads to feelings of sorrow for another's plight
C) serves as a motivator of prosocial behavior
D) always yields acts of kindness and helpfulness
Q2) By __________,children can set aside their current state of mind and take a future perspective.
A) the end of the first year
B) age 2
C) age 3
D) the end of the preschool years
Q3) Gender __________ theory is an information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features.
A) typing
B) schema
C) constancy
D) identity
Q4) Discuss factors within the family that heighten the risk of child maltreatment.
Page 10
Q5) Discuss some ways to reduce gender stereotyping in young children.
Q6) Describe some of the undesirable consequences of frequent punishment.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) __________ are exposed to more than 4 million words per year.
A) Children who converse with more expert speakers
B) Avid readers
C) Average readers
D) Children who rarely read
Q2) In two investigations,African-American children adopted into economically well-off white homes during the first year of life __________.
A) scored low on intelligence tests during middle childhood
B) attained mean IQs of 110 and 117 by middle childhood
C) scored mean IQs of below 95 in middle childhood
D) showed gains in IQ in early childhood, which dropped by adolescence
Q3) __________ might be a major intervening factor in the link between childhood chronic stress and obesity.
A) Impaired self-regulation
B) Lack of self-awareness
C) A decrease in cortisol
D) Increases in inhibition
Q4) Discuss the impact of culture and schooling on the development of concrete operational thought.
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
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Q1) Shauntae's mom is marrying a man with two small children.The five of them will live together in Shauntae's house as a(n)__________ family.
A) extended
B) noncustodial
C) reconstituted
D) single-parent
Q2) Which statement on self-esteem is true?
A) Boys score higher in language arts self-esteem than girls.
B) Boys exceed girls in self-esteem dimensions of social acceptance.
C) Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.
D) Compared with African-American children, European-American children have slightly higher self-esteem.
Q3) School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n)__________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.
A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Follow-up research reveals that __________-maturing __________,especially,are at risk for lasting difficulties.
A) early; boys
B) late; girls
C) late; boys
D) early; girls
Q2) If she is like 21 percent of U.S.students,by the end of high school Krystal will
__________.
A) smoke cigarettes regularly
B) have engaged in heavy drinking during the past month
C) have tried at least one highly addictive and toxic substance
D) moved from substance use to abuse
Q3) Which high school student is receiving support that leads to higher academic achievement?
A) Ebony, whose high school has high-quality vocational education
B) Darnell, who works 25 hours per week during the school year
C) Felipe, whose peers are supportive but not interested in school
D) Sara, whose parents jointly make decisions on her behalf
Q4) Discuss effective interventions for adolescent parents.
Q5) Discuss motor development and physical activity in adolescence.
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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Q1) The process of identity formation typically involves __________.
A) in-depth exploration and reconsideration
B) moving from a lower to a higher status
C) selecting a status that remains stable
D) making solid commitments
Q2) Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg's higher stages the longer a person
A) is alive
B) attends church
C) remains in school
D) is employed
Q3) Throughout adolescence,__________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.
A) the quality of the parent-child relationship
B) academic achievement
C) clique membership
D) moral development
Q4) Name and describe the four identity statuses that researchers use to evaluate progress in identity development.
Page 15
Q5) Discuss gender differences in friendship quality in adolescence.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which young adult is least likely to have a college degree?
A) Gordon from Canada
B) Mi Na from South Korea
C) Liane from the United States
D) Takeshi from Japan
Q2) Which adult is the most likely to be obese?
A) Jenn, a European American
B) Jasmine, a Hispanic American
C) Victoria, a Native American
D) Veronica, an African American
Q3) __________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.
A) Alcoholism
B) Cigarette smoking
C) Drug use
D) Obesity
Q4) Describe the theory of biological aging that emphasizes the programmed effects of specific genes.
Q5) List and describe the three periods of vocational development.
Q6) How does psychological stress affect health in early adulthood? Page 16
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Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) In families with five to 10 siblings,__________.
A) intimacy is more important than commitment
B) sibling bonds are weaker than in small families
C) close sibling bonds may replace friendships
D) friends are preferred confidants over siblings
Q2) Guadalupe and Julio collaborate in parenting roles,engaging in effective coparenting.Consequently,they are __________ likely to __________.
A) less; feel competent as parents
B) more; use effective child-rearing practices
C) less; have children who are developing well
D) more; be committed to traditional gender roles
Q3) In traditionally masculine fields,newly hired women whose training is equivalent to that of newly hired men are __________.
A) paid the same as the newly hired men
B) promoted more quickly than men
C) nevertheless paid less than men
D) more likely to find supportive mentors
Q4) Discuss effective interventions that help families ease the transition to parenthood.
Page 18
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) Current evidence pinpoints __________ as a "toxic" ingredient of the Type A behavior pattern.
A) competitiveness
B) hostility
C) ambition
D) impatience
Q2) Which woman is likely to report fewer menopausal complaints?
A) Laura, an American woman
B) Esmée, a European woman
C) Nia, an African woman
D) Noriko, an Asian woman
Q3) __________ cancer causes more deaths than any other type of cancer.
A) Lung
B) Colon
C) Prostate
D) Breast
Q4) Helen,age 49,is returning to college.She is concerned that she will not be able to handle the class work and might have trouble juggling her school work and family obligations.Her family,friends,and co-workers want to help.What can they do?
19
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) The greatest source of stress for middle-aged adults who share a household with an aging parent is __________.
A) problem behavior
B) the daily routine
C) financial strain
D) differences in lifestyle
Q2) When different aspects of jobs are considered,contentment with __________ shows a strong age-related gain.
A) pay
B) the work itself
C) promotions
D) supervision
Q3) The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage,stagnation,focuses on
A) role confusion
B) selflessness
C) self-indulgence
D) guilt and shame
Q4) What is the feminization of poverty and how does divorce contribute to it?
Q5) Describe the sandwich generation.
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) In a series of studies,when older adults were assigned to theater-arts training,singing lessons,or no-intervention control groups,__________.
A) theater-training participants showed greater gains on tests of working-memory capacity
B) there were no discernable differences in scores on tests of instrumental activities of daily living
C) singing-lesson participants showed greater gains on tests of word and prose recall and verbal fluency
D) theater-training participants showed smaller gains than singing-lesson participants in problem solving
Q2) Caregivers of older adults with dementia usually say that __________ is the assistance they most desire.
A) knowledge about the disease
B) knowledge about community resources
C) learning techniques for dealing with stress
D) respite-time away from providing care-
Q3) Discuss some nondrug protective factors that help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe George Vaillant's findings regarding successful aging.
Q2) Much research confirms that feelings of __________ diminish in late life.
A) dependence
B) melancholy
C) personal control
D) anxiousness
Q3) Which statement is true about sex differences in religious involvement and spirituality in late adulthood?
A) Women are more likely than men to engage in religious activities.
B) Men are more likely than women to say that religion is very important to them.
C) Men and women are equally likely to turn to religion for social support.
D) Men are more likely than women to engage in a personal quest for connectedness with a higher power.
Q4) Overwhelmingly,aging adults in Western nations __________.
A) relocate to live closer to children
B) move to more temperate climates
C) remain living in or near their old home
D) relocate to pursue leisure interests
Q5) Discuss the concept of gerotranscendence.
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Q1) Women typically __________ men.
A) express distress less directly than
B) seek social support less readily than C) express depression more directly than D) express their grief in the same way as
Q2) In __________,terminally ill patients are often not told the truth of their prognosis,out of concern that telling might disrupt family relationships and harm patients' well-being.
A) the United States and Canada
B) Australia and New Zealand
C) Northern and Western Europe
D) China, Korea, and Japan
Q3) Death education is __________.
A) primarily geared toward medical professionals
B) associated with increased death anxiety
C) unsuitable for university students
D) found in many community adult education programs
Q4) What is bereavement overload? Who is at risk for it?
Q5) Define the concept of an appropriate death.What goals do people most often mention when asked about a "good death"?
Page 23
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