General Psychology
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Course Introduction
General Psychology is an introductory course that explores the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Students will examine foundational topics such as the history of psychology, biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, cognition, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Emphasis is placed on understanding research methods, ethical considerations, and the application of psychological principles to everyday life, providing a broad overview of the field and preparing students for further study in psychology and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mark is trying to teach his dog to sit at his command.To do this,he rewards the dog with a biscuit only if the dog obeys when Mark says "Sit!" Mark is following the ____ approach to psychology.
A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) eclectic
Answer: A
Q2) You are marooned on a tropical island with a dangerous criminal.In your suitcase are four books written by psychologists.If you believe that the criminal's behavior was mostly the result of unconscious conflicts within his mind,which author should you choose to best elaborate on this idea?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) William James
C) John Watson
D) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Research in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The school psychologist at Happy Elementary School conducts a study where the students of one fourth-grade class are given five recesses during the day,while students in the other class are allowed the standard two recesses.The psychologist explains to the teachers that more breaks should lead to better behavior in the classrooms and then has the teachers observe the children's progress.In this experiment,there is the risk of
A) random sampling
B) experimenter bias
C) participant bias
D) the placebo effect
Answer: B
Q2) During a thesis meeting,Dr.Volde suggests that Anwen consider using inferential statistics in her upcoming research project.After the meeting,Anwen meets her friend Jack and confesses that she doesn't know what Dr.Volde is talking about.Jack explains that inferential statistics ____.
A) are measures of central tendency and variability.
B) are mathematical procedures used to draw conclusions from data.
C) usually involve correlation coefficients.
D) cannot be statistically significant by definition.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Biological Aspects of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Yao is participating in a study that is investigating sleep patterns.As part of the study,researchers paste electrodes to Yao's scalp.The electrodes are then hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG),which will provide information about the ____.
A) specific areas of the brain involved with sleep
B) general electrical activity of the brain during sleep
C) changes in blood flow that occur within the brain during sleep
D) physical shape of the brain structures involved with sleep
Answer: B
Q2) Suppose that the left hemisphere of Jamal's brain is damaged,but that the right hemisphere is left intact.Jamal would be most likely to experience a deficit in his ability to ____.
A) compose new songs on his piano
B) feel an insect bite his left hand
C) converse with friends
D) follow a map
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Dyanna is meeting her friends at the football game.When she arrives late at the stadium,she automatically looks for a cluster of people wearing colorful jester hats.Dyanna is relying on ____to find her friends more easily.
A) depth perception
B) brightness constancy
C) looming
D) grouping principles
Q2) While waiting at the end of a long line,Roger notices that he cannot determine the hair color or facial features of the people at the front of the line,but he can do so with people near him.Roger perceives people at the front of the line to be farther away due to what depth perception cue?
A) interposition
B) gradient of texture
C) eye convergence
D) retinal disparity
Q3) Explain the theories that describe how people see color.
Q4) Many depth cues are used by artists to show distance in their paintings.Choose four of the many depth cues described in your text and discuss how they can affect depth perception.
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Q1) If a research team is going to Chicago to conduct a study on latent learning,they would be most interested in interviewing a ____.
A) taxi driver who can give directions to a location he's never visited
B) street performer who learned to play guitar by watching others
C) homeless woman who believes she has no control over the outcomes of her life
D) teacher who has her first grade students solve problems in groups
Q2) According to Solomon's opponent-process theory,extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that ____ the "high" that the user experiences.
A) intensifies
B) prolongs
C) neutralizes
D) causes
Q3) Which action is an example of negative reinforcement?
A) not stealing cookies for fear of being spanked
B) learning to take aspirin for headaches
C) sewing a quilt to make your parents happy
D) studying for an exam to earn an A
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Chapter 5: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory system can work is called ____.
A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) processing
Q2) Belinda has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.Sometimes she can be very happy and almost deliriously excited,while at other times,she becomes extremely depressed.When she is in her excited state,she is introduced to several people whom she has never met before.She doesn't encounter them again for a few weeks,but when she does,she feels depressed.Which statement is true?
A) She is more likely to remember their names than if she were excited.
B) She is less likely to remember their names than if she were excited.
C) She is about equally likely to remember their names regardless of what state she is in.
D) She definitely will not remember their names in her depressed state but might remember their faces.
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Chapter 7: Thought and Language
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Q1) Hannah knows her patient has muscle pain and suspects a strained muscle.She then asks the patient only about symptoms associated with a strained muscle and not about symptoms associated with other conditions involving muscle pain.Hannah is exhibiting ____.
A) analogous thinking
B) functional fixedness
C) confirmation bias
D) the anchoring heuristic
Q2) One day at the elementary school playground,Chuckie,the fifth-grade class clown,was making all the kids laugh by repeatedly saying,"Loud leaves linger on Lulu." Mr.Lavender,Chuckie's teacher,overheard Chuckie's nonsense sentence and pointed out that the sentence violated ____.
A) syntax rules
B) syntax and semantics rules
C) semantics rules
D) phonetic punctuation
Q3) In an experiment to measure reaction time,subjects must push either a blue button in response to a green light or a green button in response to a blue light.Discuss five factors that could influence their reaction time.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Q1) Dr.Claus plans to conduct a longitudinal study to determine how intelligence correlates with the traits "naughty" and "nice." As his trusty assistant,you have done your research and come to Dr.Claus to warn him about a few limitations to longitudinal studies.You plan to include all of the following limitations with the exception of ____effects.
A) mortality
B) history
C) testing
D) cohort
Q2) Tyson believes that people have several kinds of intelligence.Some have great musical capacity,some are talented verbally,some artistically,and so on.He would most likely use ____to examine intelligence test results to support his position.
A) split-half reliability
B) factor analysis
C) standardized norms
D) control question techniques
Q3) Describe the four approaches to intelligence presented in the text.
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Chapter 9: Consciousness
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Q1) Austin Powers travels from California to New York,chasing Dr.Evil across the country.Austin then experiences fatigue,irritability,inattention,and sleeping problems due to the disruption of his ____,which causes____.
A) sleep stages; narcolepsy
B) lucid dreaming; jet lag
C) circadian rhythms; sleep apnea
D) circadian rhythms; jet lag
Q2) People who experience posttraumatic stress disorder are at high risk of experiencing ____,which occur(s)during REM sleep and may be treatable with imagery therapy.
A) sleep terror disorder
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) nightmares
Q3) Which statement about sleep deprivation is false?
A) A person who goes without sleep for one week risks permanent brain damage.
B) Without sleep, people are less likely to retain skills that they learned during the day.
C) Sleep deprivation raises the level of norepinephrine in the brain.
D) Fatigue may be the primary cause of up to 25 percent of all auto accidents.
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) After Taki is diagnosed with cancer of the stomach,the doctors decide to remove his stomach entirely.After the operation,Taki will probably ____.
A) eat much more than before
B) eat roughly the same amount of food as before
C) eat much less than before
D) be unable to regulate his food intake
Q2) Stone has just received the opportunity to advance to assistant manager at the car wash.He really wants the extra pay and the additional experience,but unfortunately,the only slot available for this new position is nights (midnight to 8:00 a.m.).What type of conflict is Stone facing?
A) approach-approach conflict
B) avoidance-avoidance conflict
C) approach-avoidance conflict
D) multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Q3) According to research,a male's sexual orientation is most likely due to ____.
A) genetic factors
B) his strict upbringing, which he is reacting against
C) several factors, including prenatal hormones and learning
D) the fact that his father is loving but his mother is cold
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Human Development
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Q1) When little Augustus is given his first vitamin pill,he says,"Yea!!! Candy!!!!" According to Piaget,this is an example of ____.
A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) egocentrism
D) object permanence
Q2) Mr.Nguyen is a very warm and caring boss.He often meets with his employees to discuss their work.His employees know what the rules are and why they help make the company more productive.If Mr.Nguyen's parenting style is similar to his managerial style,it will be ____.
A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) authoritarian
Q3) Describe the newborn's sensory and motor abilities.
Q4) Infant Izzie is most likely to stare at ____.
A) her mother's face
B) the dainty pastel flowers in the wallpaper in her room
C) the fuzzy, all-white bunny in her crib
D) the life-size teddy bear sitting across the room
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Health, stress, and Coping
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Q1) Stress is defined as ____.
A) an uncomfortable feeling in certain situations
B) the process of adjustment to disrupting circumstances
C) damage to the body caused by psychological processes
D) difficulties in daily living
Q2) Marcella has been experiencing frequent headaches and irritability; therefore,she is attempting to improve her manner of coping with stress.According to the textbook,what should she do first?
A) Identify stressors.
B) Implement a stress-coping plan.
C) List changeable stressors.
D) Eliminate stressors.
Q3) Jimmy Fallon,the host of a late night talk show,is worried that no one likes his hosting ability.If Jimmy decides to engage in an emotional coping strategy,he's most likely to
A) take prescription drugs for his anxiety
B) go to people who he knows value and care for him
C) identify his upsetting thoughts and change them
D) take up meditation
Q4) Describe five stages of readiness for changing health-related behaviors.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you were asked to assess your psychology instructor's personality,what methods would you use?
Q2) Dr.Bialeschki believes that each person has an innate tendency toward growth and self-fulfillment.He believes that dysfunctions in personality result from dysfunctions in the perception of reality.Dr.Bialeschki takes a ____ approach to personality.
A) cognitive behavioral
B) humanistic psychology
C) psychodynamic
D) trait
Q3) Marshall is a harsh,critical person.More often than not,he is in a bad mood and acts grumpily toward other people.According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory,Marshall is more likely to experience more negative emotions because ____.
A) he has an active behavioral approach system
B) his brain lacks reward centers
C) he has an active flight or freeze system
D) he has an insensitive punishment system
Q4) Describe the three basic assumptions of the trait approach to personality,and explain the difference between a type and a trait.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) According to the biological model,anxiety disorders develop because of ____.
A) some physical condition or disease
B) societal pressure to react with anxiety to certain situations
C) the learning of coping mechanisms
D) a predisposition to suffer severe anxiety
Q2) Which of the following is not considered to be an anxiety disorder?
A) panic disorder
B) dissociative disorder
C) phobia
D) social anxiety disorder
Q3) Gillian is extremely inhibited in social situations,feels inadequate,and is extremely sensitive to criticism from her family and her boss.Gillian would most likely be diagnosed as displaying ____.
A) histrionic personality disorder
B) avoidant personality disorder
C) mania
D) dissociative identity disorder
Q4) What are some of the causes of depressive disorders?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) All treatments for psychological disorders share certain basic features.Which of the following is not one of these features?
A) The client
B) The attention to unconscious processes
C) A theory about the causes of the client's problems
D) A procedure for dealing with client's problems
Q2) Dr.Bregel is a behavior therapist.When working with a client,Dr.Bregel seeks to change the client's behavior by ____.
A) using methods such as free-association and dream analysis
B) helping the client develop more adaptive behaviors
C) being empathic and reflective
D) gaining insight into the their childhood origins
Q3) Freud was initially interested in hypnosis as a method of treating hysteria but later rejected it as the preferred method of treatment because it ____.
A) lost general credibility in the scientific community
B) treated only symptoms
C) was ineffective
D) inhibited the superego's positive influence on the id
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Chapter 16: Social Psychology
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Q1) More recent research on gender and leadership style has shown that women tend to display a ____ leadership style more so than their male counterparts.
A) transactional
B) public goods
C) transformational
D) commons
Q2) To help her class learn the state capitals and to reduce prejudice,an elementary school teacher divides the class into several ethnically diverse groups.She then gives each group member a different set of ten states and their capitals.After each student learns the ten capitals,she must teach them to the other members of the group.This is an example of ____.
A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) the jigsaw technique
C) the matching hypothesis
D) an illusory correlation
Q3) What are the key factors that influence whether you will be attracted to someone?
Q4) Briefly summarize Milgram's study results and then list and explain the factors that affect the degree of obedience.
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Chapter 17: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Q1) Describe the characteristics of effective leaders in the workplace.
Q2) Job satisfaction is least likely to be dependent on ____ components.
A) cognitive
B) relatedness
C) behavioral
D) emotional
Q3) Han Sol is studying employee motivation.She develops an interest in the expectancy theory,which seeks to explain how cognitive processes affect the impact of salary or other rewards of employee behavior.The main assumption of this theory is that ____.
A) behavior at work is affected by workers' intentions to achieve specific goals
B) employees behave in accordance with what results they anticipate their actions to bring and how much they value those results
C) people must at least partially satisfy lower level needs before they will be motivated by higher level goals
D) the most motivating goals tend to be those that are challenging but not so difficult as to be impossible
Q4) Discuss the personal and environmental factors that can affect job satisfaction.
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) For the past two days,Gertruda has been hallucinating.She alternates between being overattentive to every little sight and sound in the room and being a bit sleepy and less alert.She cannot maintain a coherent conversation because she seems to forget everything very quickly,and she uses nonsensical words.Gertruda has ____.
A) delirium
B) dementia
C) a dissociation syndrome
D) Huntington's disease.
Q2) Laural is a neuropsychologist who works at a university.She conducts assessments on patients who have brain damage.Her work will allow scientists to better understand performance deficits that occur in relation to specific brain damage.Laural is most likely a(n)____ neuropsychologist.
A) experimental
B) human factors
C) community
D) clinical
Q3) A patient comes to a doctor's office complaining of memory difficulty.List three possible reasons for the patient's memory problem.Compare and contrast the possibilities you choose.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Appendix A: Statistics in Psychological Research
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Q1) If speaking with an Australian accent is controlled by a recessive gene,which combination would result in someone who speaks with an Australian accent?
A) recessive-recessive
B) dominant-recessive
C) dominant-dominant
D) recessive-recessive and dominant-recessive
Q2) A cell in a human body has divided into two new cells.Because the cell divided through a process known as mitosis,how many chromosomes will be found in each of the two new cells?
A) 46
B) 32
C) 23
D) 16
Q3) Balint is a behavioral geneticist who focuses on human behavior and mental processes.Which of the following is he most likely to investigate?
A) The effects of the environment on learned behavior
B) The way heredity and the environment influence personality
C) How learning influences genotypes
D) Cultural influences on mitosis
21
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Chapter 20: Appendix B: Behavioral Genetics
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Q1) The most basic use of histograms is to ____.
A) establish that the null hypothesis is true
B) determine whether an analysis of variance is needed
C) analyze data statistically
D) better understand the shape of the data
Q2) A researcher measures the number of times each of six rats has to run a maze before it masters the maze.The number of times recorded for each rat is 2,3,3,4,5,7.In this example,the ____.
A) mean is smaller than the median
B) median is larger than the mode
C) mean is larger than the range
D) mode is larger than the range
Q3) Anqi is creating a picture-like graphic for her research paper.This graphic will be used to summarize and describe data she collected.Anqi is creating a ____.
A) bar graph
B) histogram
C) pictograph
D) descriptogram
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