Gender and Society Final Exam
Course Introduction
Gender and Society explores the complex ways in which gender shapes and is shaped by social institutions, relationships, and cultural norms. The course examines the construction of gender identities, the intersection of gender with race, class, and sexuality, and the impact of historical and contemporary issues on gender roles in various societies. Through sociological theories and real-world examples, students analyze how power dynamics, policies, and everyday practices contribute to gender inequalities and discuss strategies for social change and gender justice.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology Ninth Canadian Edition by John J. Macionis
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
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Q1) A sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects
A) her preference for family size.
B) how many children she can afford.
C) whether she herself was born into a poor or rich society.
D) the desires of her husband.
Answer: C
Q2) In Canada, Aboriginal peoples have a higher suicide rate than other Canadians.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The sociological perspective reveals the truth of the "common sense" beliefs we tend to take for granted.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation
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Q1) Max Weber urged sociologists to strive toward the goal of being value-free.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following is one of the five ways that gender can shape research as identified by Eichler?
A) sapphocentricity
B) tunnel-vision
C) correlation
D) androcentricity
Answer: D
Q3) Who of the following notes the ways in which relations between men and women depend on economic conditions?
A) Dorothy Smith
B) Irene Murdock
C) Susan Wendell
D) Meg Luxton
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl Marx argued that a society's economic system was shaped by its value system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The term _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity.
A) culture; society
B) country; nation
C) nation; culture
D) culture; nation Answer: D
Q3) Japan is more multicultural than Canada.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Cultural transmission cannot take place unless people have a written language.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Society
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Q1) Gerhard Lenski argues that, eventually, we can expect technological invention to solve problems of peace and justice around the world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Many pastoral societies are nomadic.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as
A) existing only in the human mind.
B) an objective reality.
C) changing from moment to moment.
D) having no clear existence at all.
Q4) What concept did Durkheim use to refer to social bonds, which are strong among members of industrial society and are based on specialization and mutual interdependence?
A) Gesellschaft
B) mechanical solidarity
C) collective conscience
D) organic solidarity
Q5) What did Durkheim mean by "anomie"? How does modern society cause anomie?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the last century, the mass media have had a declining influence on people in North America.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death
A) is defined in much the same way in every society.
B) is an orderly transition involving specific stages.
C) is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable discussing.
D) is a chaotic mess which defies categorization.
Q3) When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in
A) group conformity.
B) future directedness.
C) anticipatory socialization.
D) group rejection.
Q4) Cooley's term for self-image based on how we think others see us is "mirrored image."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The way we act and carry ourselves is referred to as
A) demeanour.
B) non-verbal communication.
C) impressions.
D) idealization.
Q2) The reality people build in their interaction depends only on the actors themselves, not on the larger culture they live in.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
A) social status
B) master status
C) ascribed status
D) achieved status
Q4) Typically, each status is linked to several roles.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is non-verbal communication? How do people use it in everyday life?
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Chapter 7: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group?
A) a fraternity chapter meeting on campus
B) a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet
C) parents meeting with their daughter and her coach
D) girl scouts at a cookout
Q2) The basic idea behind scientific management is that
A) both science and formal organizations are rational.
B) organizations benefit from employees with scientific knowledge.
C) applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient.
D) companies chaired by scientists are more successful.
Q3) Oligarchy refers to the rule of the many by the few.
A)True
B)False
Q4) From the point of view of anyone considered an "inmate," what type of formal organization is the person in?
A) a normative organization
B) a coercive organization
C) a utilitarian organization
D) a voluntary organization
Q5) Discuss and provide an example of bureaucratic inefficiency.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on extramarital sex shows that about _____ of married men and about _____ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives.
A) 25 percent; 40 percent
B) 25 percent; 75 percent
C) 75 percent; 50 percent
D) 75 percent; 90 percent
Q2) Which theoretical approach rests on the idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality?
A) the structural-functional approach
B) the symbolic-interaction approach
C) the social-conflict approach
D) queer theory
Q3) How does sexuality play a part in social inequality? Consider factors including prostitution and pornography and their effects on women. Also, consider heterosexism and its effects on the social standing of gay and intersexual people.
Q4) A majority of adults in Canada report at least some homosexual experience.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Deviance
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Q1) Travis Hirschi's control theory makes the point that people who commit crime typically have little concern about the consequences of their behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Robert Merton claimed that the "strains of masculinity" are one important cause of crime.
A)True B)False
Q3) Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that A) deviance is only what people label as deviant. B) most people in the United States will become insane for some period during their lives. C) mental illness is a myth so that "insanity" is only "differences" that bother other people. D) our society does not do nearly enough to treat the mentally ill.
Q4) Describe the labelling theory of deviance. What basic insight about deviance is offered by this approach? How does labelling figure into the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance? What is the importance of stigma in labelling analysis?
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Chapter 10: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social stratification is found in most-but not all-societies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which country stands out among high-income countries as having greater income inequality?
A) Japan
B) Sweden
C) United States
D) Canada
Q3) Today, Canadian workers have far fewer legal protections than U.S. workers had a century ago, when the industrial age was just beginning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who identified four reasons why no Marxist revolution has taken place?
A) Weber
B) Spencer
C) Dahrendorf
D) Durkheim
Q5) What is status consistency? Give an example.
Q6) What is the Kuznets curve? What is its significance?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Social Class in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) Societal factors that contribute to homelessness include low wages and a lack of low-income housing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss Toronto's efforts to count the homeless, noting methods, problems encountered, and solutions to these problems.
Q3) The concept of "intergenerational social mobility" refers to change in social position
A) over a person's lifetime.
B) when moving from one type of job to another.
C) in a downward direction.
D) by children in relation to their parents.
Q4) What traits define the "working class" in Canada?
Q5) The working poor
A) live primarily on welfare.
B) often work two or three jobs to make ends meet.
C) have average levels of literacy.
D) are mostly optimistic about the future.
Q6) What is the difference between income and wealth?
Q7) How does the upper-upper class differ from the lower-upper class?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the relationship between Canada and low-income countries. What is our approach to development? How would you classify our approach in theoretical terms (i.e., modernization or dependency theory)?
Q2) With regard to the role of rich nations, dependency theory
A) agrees with modernization theory.
B) urges rich nations to invest in poor countries.
C) claims rich nations are to blame for global poverty.
D) claims rich nations prevent poor countries from "growing for export."
Q3) Modernization theory claims that rich nations can and do help solve the world's poverty problem.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The poorest 20 percent of the global population receives only about what percentage of all global income?
A) 2 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent
Q5) What are four types of slavery found in today's world? Describe each type.
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Chapter 13: Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Looking back over Canadian history, we see a general trend by which women
A) have gained opportunities and power.
B) have made little movement toward equality with men.
C) are steadily losing ground and becoming less equal to men.
D) have retained their position of dominance over men.
Q2) Gender socialization begins in childhood and ends as we approach adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which province was the last to grant women the right to vote in 1940?
A) Ontario
B) Manitoba
C) Quebec
D) B.C.
Q4) Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages A) men to take control of the workplace.
B) growing gender equality.
C) women to have more children.
D) a need to keep gender roles traditional.
Q5) Why is "earning an income" no longer a man's role in Canada?
Q6) Visible minority women confront a "double disadvantage." Explain.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is among the three classes of people eligible for landed immigrant status, according to the Immigration Act of 1976?
A) handicapped class
B) dependent adult class
C) humanitarian class
D) refugee class
Q2) The ancestors of which of the following groups first settled the lands of the Western Hemisphere?
A) Italian Canadians
B) European Canadians
C) African Americans
D) Aboriginal people
Q3) Discrimination is an unfair belief about an entire category of people.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are "special status societies?"
Q5) From which areas of the world are most of today's immigrants arriving? How is this different from the pattern a century ago?
Q6) What does it mean to call Quebec "a distinct society?"
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Aging and the Elderly
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can older people help younger people with their problems? Make reference to the specific case of Aboriginal elders here.
Q2) What is the debate about whether or not elderly people should be considered a minority?
Q3) How are older Canadians changing today's society?
Q4) A majority of people over the age of 55 in Canada
A) consider their health "good" or "excellent."
B) report having trouble walking.
C) are bedridden.
D) require intensive care in a hospital or nursing home.
Q5) Social isolation is most commonly a problem for
A) elderly men.
B) elderly women.
C) elderly men and women living with their children.
D) elderly men and women living with spouses.
Q6) Discuss how society changes (both positively and negatively) when a nation's average age is 50.
Q7) How will the greying of Canada impact you? Be sure to include both positive and negative consequences.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Economy and Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Globalization of the economy means that
A) world regions fulfill their own economic needs domestically.
B) the wealth of every nation in the world increases because of fair trade deals.
C) a small number of businesses represent a large share of the planet's economic output.
D) a large number of businesses represent a small share of the planet's economic output.
Q2) Organic farming is a response to both pesticide proliferation and genetic modification.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The concept "state capitalism" refers to a system in which
A) the government owns and operates most economic enterprises.
B) privately-owned companies co-operate closely with the government.
C) the government owns but does not operate most economic enterprises.
D) large businesses control the government.
Q4) How do capitalism and socialism differ in overall productivity? What about economic inequality?
Q5) Why is the economy important?
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Chapter 17: Politics and Government
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is TRUE?
A) In both Canada and the U.S., citizens are less likely to vote today than they were a century ago.
B) In both Canada and the U.S., citizens are more likely to vote today than they were a century ago.
C) Canadians are more likely to vote than they were a century ago and Americans are less likely.
D) Americans are more likely to vote than they were a century ago and Canadians are less likely.
Q2) Define both authoritarianism and totalitarianism.
Q3) Summarize the major arguments of the three theoretical models of political power. What do the three models have in common? What are their major differences? To what extent does each assess Canadian society as democratic? Why?
Q4) The concept "government" refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify four factors that encourage political revolution.
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Chapter 18: Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) In many African nations, the law permits a man to have more than one wife.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When did the federal government formally apologize to Aboriginal people for the "tragedy of residential schools"?
A) 1940
B) 1986
C) 2008
D) 2015
Q3) An important consideration leading many Canadian parents to limit the number of children they have is
A) the fear of an "empty nest" later on.
B) the high cost of raising children.
C) the approval of extended family members.
D) overpopulation.
Q4) The most serious problem among families with one parent is poverty.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify and briefly discuss at least four factors that are related to the high divorce rate in Canada.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sect is a type of religious organization that A) supports the political state.
B) is tightly linked to the larger society.
C) is highly structured, with a formally trained leader.
D) stands apart from the larger society.
Q2) Faith refers to what we know to be true based on what our five senses tell us.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The concept of "sacred" refers to what is A) common to everyday life.
B) found in every culture.
C) seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.
D) no longer found in today's world.
Q4) What are three societal functions of religion pointed out by Emile Durkheim?
Q5) Compare and contrast the six world religions surveyed in the chapter. What do they have in common? How do they differ? What are the general differences between Western and Eastern religions?
Q6) Fundamentalists read sacred texts literally.
A)True B)False
Page 21
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Chapter 20: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although Canadians have long debated the value of quality of education, the debate has intensified over the past decade or two. Discuss some of the major areas of concern regarding the educational system today. Using examples, discuss such issues as school discipline, dropping out, value for our money, and academic standards.
Q2) What are the manifest and latent functions of schooling, according to structural-functional analysis? Prepare a list of these functions for your essay, and then explain why the Canadian educational system attempts to ensure all these functions are fulfilled. Why, for example, does schooling assume latent functions of child care and the forging of lasting personal relationships? What is it about industrial society that places this role in the hands of our schooling system?
Q3) Wealthy British families send their children to "public schools" that are the same as private boarding schools in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Aboriginal students who finish high school have the same post-secondary completion rates as the general population.
A)True
B)False
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the "sick role"?
Q2) Describe patterns of health in low-income countries. What are the most common diseases and causes of death? How do such patterns differ in high-income nations?
Q3) Which of the following occupations is NOT noted in the text as among the most dangerous jobs in Canada?
A) farming
B) coal mining
C) truck driving
D) electrician
Q4) Anal sex is a behaviour that places people at higher risk for transmitting HIV.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The concept "euthanasia" refers to
A) assisting in the death of a person suffering from a terminal illness.
B) people's legal "right to die."
C) providing medical treatment to seriously ill people.
D) providing medical assistance to those who cannot afford it.
Q6) Compare and contrast health care in China, Russia, Sweden, the United States, and Canada. Which has the best health care? Why?
Page 23
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Chapter 22: Population, Urbanization, and Environment
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Q1) Today, the three or four largest cities contain as many people as did the entire world some 12 000 years ago.
A)True
B)False
Q2) State the basic idea of the "logic of growth" thesis.
Q3) Sex ratios are usually greater than 100 because men typically outlive women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An age-sex pyramid is useful, in part, because it helps predict the demographic future of a society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In general, people living in low-income nations cause much more harm to the environment than people living in high-income nations do.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What do you think of the one-child policy implemented by China to control population growth? Should other countries adopt such a policy? Which ones? Why did you choose the ones you did? Explain fully.
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Chapter 23: Collective Behaviour and Social Movements
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Q1) One stage in the life of a social movement is called "coalescence." This stage refers to which of the following?
A) the emergence of the movement
B) the movement defining itself and "going public"
C) developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating
D) the decline of the movement
Q2) Fads are sometimes called "crazes."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ordinary people can gain __________ by acting collectively.
A) wealth
B) power
C) absolutely nothing
D) fame
Q4) While gossip may spread throughout a society, rumour is localized.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Contagion theory was proposed by Gustave Le Bon.
A)True
B)False
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and
Postmodern Societies
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Q1) Max Weber defined modernity in terms of which of the following concepts?
A) capitalism
B) specialization
C) self-interest
D) rationality
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a common cause of social change?
A) discovery of existing things
B) diffusion from one cultural system to another
C) invention of new ideas and things
D) adherence to one cultural system and the rejection of others
Q3) Modernization typically reduces the range of personal choice about how to live.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The concept "postmodernity" refers to which of the following?
A) societies that have yet to industrialize
B) societies that keep their traditions
C) societies that have entered the post-industrial era
D) societies that are just beginning to industrialize
Page 26
Q5) In a sentence or two, what is the basic idea behind mass-society theory?
Q6) What are the three important causes of cultural change?
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