Foundations of Western Civilization
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Foundations of Western Civilization explores the major historical, cultural, political, and philosophical developments that have shaped Western society from ancient times through the early modern era. Students will examine key events, influential figures, and transformative ideas originating in regions such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Medieval and Renaissance Europe. The course emphasizes the interconnectedness of religious, economic, and social changes and investigates how the legacies of the classical and medieval worlds continue to influence contemporary Western institutions, values, and thought.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 10th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations
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Q1) The written script of the Sumerians is known as A)cuneiform.
B)alphabetic.
C)phonogram.
D)hieroglyphs.
E)Cyrillic.
Answer: A
Q2) Sumerian kings derived their authority from A)the will of the people.
B)the parliamentary councils of the city-states.
C)success in athletic tournaments.
D)the gods.
E)their military victories over the "barbarians."
Answer: D
Q3) Like the peoples of Mesopotamia, the Egyptians had a very negative attitude toward daily life.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Hebrew religion
A)believed in two gods who struggled for power.
B)was an ethical religion centered around the law of God.
C)taught there was covenant between the Hebrews and Ahurmazda.
D)emphasized the worship of multiple lesser deities in addition to Yahweh.
E)All of these are correct.
Answer: B
Q2) The Persian Royal Road stretched from Sardis to the capital at A)Persepolis.
B)Byblos.
C)Athens.
D)Susa.
E)Ephesus.
Answer: D
Q3) Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt the city of Nineveh, making it the Persian capital, and there he erected the Ishtar Gate, which opened on to the Triumphal Way.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Which of the following did Aristotle favor as the best government for most people in his Politics?
A)anarchic
B)constitutional
C)tyrannical
D)oligarchical
E)monarchical
Answer: B
Q2) One of the chief causes of the Peloponnesian War was
A)Athens' entry into an alliance with the Persians.
B)the fear of another Persian invasion.
C)Sparta's fear of the power of Athens and its maritime empire.
D)an attack by Corinth and Megara on Sparta.
E)Athens' fear of Spartan imperialism.
Answer: C
Q3) The vast majority of scholars do believe that Homer's Iliad has a basis in fact.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Hellenistic World
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Q1) Hellenistic education as embodied in the gymnasium
A)was opposed by Hellenistic rulers who saw education as a threat to their power.
B)was open to all classes of society except slaves.
C)made no provision for physical education.
D)was focused exclusively upon vocational training.
E)closely and widely followed classical Greek ideas about proper education.
Q2) The famous Indian ruler who sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers was A)Akbar.
B)Asoka.
C)Chandragupta.
D)Shiva.
E)Bodhisattva.
Q3) Historians relying on the same source material provide vastly different pictures of Alexander the Great in their assessments of his life and legacy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why did Alexander of Macedonia's empire not last beyond his lifetime?
Q5) Did women's lives improve during the Hellenistic Era? Why or why not?
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Chapter 5: The Roman Republic
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Q1) As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with officials known as A)consuls.
B)quaestors.
C)colonnae.
D)proconsuls and propraetors.
E)tribunes.
Q2) After Rome crushed the Latin states in the fourth century B.C.E., it waged a 50-year struggle against
A)the Gauls.
B)the Aequi.
C)the Sicilians.
D)the Samnites.
E)the Corsicans.
Q3) An early event in the Struggle of the Orders occurred in 445 B.C.E., when the Canuleian law allowed patricians and plebeians to intermarry.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Was Julius Caesar a man of the common people, or was he a tyrant in the making?
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Chapter 6: The Roman Empire
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Q1) Which of the following trends developed during the reigns of the Julio-Claudian emperors?
A)Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate.
B)All efforts to achieve bureaucratic organization of imperial government eventually failed.
C)Emperors turned over more and more of the daily affairs of government to the Senate.
D)The power of imperial military forces stationed in Rome declined.
E)The Senate seized political power, against the wishes of the weak emperors.
Q2) In the second century, the Pantheon was built, which was one of Rome's greatest buildings, a temple to all the gods.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to
A)the usual victory of his candidates in official elections.
B)the decline of popular participation in elections.
C)his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power.
D)led to the perception that he co-ruled with the Senate.
E)All of these are correct.
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) Jerome is known for all of the following EXCEPT
A)his mastery of Latin prose.
B)his skills as a linguist.
C)his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin.
D)his final return to pagan heresy and rejection of key Christian doctrines.
E)becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church.
Q2) According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes which of the following subjects?
A)grammar, rhetoric, and music
B)geometry, music, and astronomy
C)grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic
D)arithmetic, logic, and astronomy
E)history, literature, and mathematics
Q3) Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to
A)destroy Roman civilization and culture forever.
B)destroy the Jews in Italy.
C)sack the Byzantine Empire and depose the pope.
D)maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy.
E)make German the official and only language.
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Chapter 8: European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was A)Zacharias.
B)Charlemagne.
C)Charles Martel. D)Pepin.
E)Louis the Pious.
Q2) The Arabic name for Spain was A)Córdoba.
B)al-Andalus.
C)al-jabr.
D)Berber.
E)al-Hakim.
Q3) The Slavic people of the Rus were best known for A)their defeat of Rurik, head of the Swedish Vikings, in 862.
B)their preoccupation with cleanliness.
C)their unflinching loyalty to the Roman Catholic church.
D)founding the state that became known as Russia.
E)their monastic tradition and practice of celibacy.
Q4) How did Viking raids and settlements impact the development of medieval Europe?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Recovery and Growth of European Society
in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) The center of the North Sea/Baltic trade route in northern Europe in the 1100s and 1200s, and an important center of woolen cloth production, was
A)Stockholm.
B)Novgorod.
C)Edinburgh.
D)Hamburg.
E)Flanders.
Q2) The church figure who tried to reconcile faith with reason in his Summa Theologica was
A)Peter Abelard.
B)Saint Augustine.
C)Boethius.
D)Thomas Aquinas.
E)Peter Lombard.
Q3) All of the following were consequences of the revival of trade EXCEPT
A)the development of a money economy.
B)the establishment of trading companies and banking firms.
C)the use of contracts and insurance.
D)the final abandonment of old Roman cities.
Page 11
E)the creation of new techniques such as double-entry bookkeeping.
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Chapter 10: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
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Q1) Dominic de Guzman, founder of the new Dominican order of preachers, A)was chiefly concerned with limiting papal power.
B)did not embrace the necessity of poverty for the members of new church orders.
C)was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church.
D)worked most closely with popes to reform the College of Cardinals.
E)preached on street corners to common people.
Q2) The founder of the Mongol Empire was
A)Alexander Nevsky.
B)Kublai Khan.
C)Genghis Khan.
D)Khanbaliq.
E)Vladimir of Kiev.
Q3) What religious and non-religious motivations led to the Crusades?
Q4) The papacy underwent dramatic reforms and modifications in medieval times.How did this institution change during this period? What powers did it gain? What powers or influence did it lose?
Q5) What were the chief spiritual aims of the Catholic mendicant orders? How did the means they chose to reach these spiritual goals affect European society and politics, especially in cities?
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Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Mysticism in the fourteenth century
A)was especially advocated by the nominalist school of William of Occam.
B)particularly took hold in France and Spain.
C)emphasized an intensely personal feeling of oneness with God.
D)was fully endorsed and carefully controlled by the church.
E)abandoned orthodox Christianity for heterodox pantheism.
Q2) Economically, the great plague and the crises of the fourteenth century
A)devastated peasants but not nobles.
B)brought an economic boom to landlords.
C)caused only minor changes in agricultural practices.
D)raised wages because of a scarcity of labor.
E)had little impact.
Q3) In France the Estates-General represented the entire kingdom and reflects France's basic unity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are best known for their works written in Latin.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
Q5) What led to the papacy's decline during the fourteenth century?
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Chapter 12: Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was
A)to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages.
B)largely surpassed by the upcoming merchant class.
C)still powerful, but with little new blood to keep it vital.
D)extremely uneducated compared to the nobility of the Middle Ages.
E)to disappear by the early seventeenth century.
Q2) The Renaissance popes did all of the following EXCEPT
A)patronize Renaissance culture.
B)participate in temporal authority at the expense of their spiritual responsibilities.
C)attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times.
D)combat church councils.
E)involve themselves in politics and war.
Q3) One of the foremost preoccupations of Italian Renaissance art was
A)the elimination of religious images in painting and sculpture.
B)the realistic portrayal of the human nude.
C)to reject the trend of realism and emphasize abstract artistic forms.
D)the exclusion of humans in favor of purely sacred images.
E)a refusal to study mathematical laws and anatomical structures.
Q4) How did the artistic Renaissance differ in Italy and northern Europe?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) The reforming religious organization of the late fifteenth century that included both clergy and laymen was the
A)Augustinians.
B)Jesuits.
C)Oratory of Divine Love.
D)Beguines.
E)Order of Humanists.
Q2) In the sixteenth century, Switzerland
A)was unified under the firm control of the Holy Roman Empire.
B)was a leader in promoting Renaissance humanist education.
C)became Europe's greatest economic power under the Swiss confederation.
D)was the principal source of religious books in all of Europe.
E)was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie.
Q3) The Anabaptist leader who spread peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that emphasized separation from the world as a means of better emulating Christ was Menno Simmons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What impact did Reformation doctrines have on the family, education, and popular religious practices?
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Q1) Sir Robert Clive is associated with the consolidation of British control in A)China.
B)India.
C)Japan.
D)New England.
E)Canada.
Q2) The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
A)brought an abrupt halt to commercial expansion.
B)was the result of too little money in circulation.
C)caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes.
D)was caused largely by a shrinking labor force.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) How and why did Portugal and Spain acquire overseas empires? Compare and contrast their motivations and methods for exploration and expansion.
Q4) What was the nature of the relationship between Japan and Europe from 1600 to approximately 1850?
Q5) Why did the slave trade come to rely on the peoples of West Africa, and what were the consequences for all parties involved?
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Chapter 15: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) The witchcraft hysteria began to subside by the mid-seventeenth century for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A)a tempering of religious passions in the wake of religious wars.
B)the growing unwillingness of magistrates to accept the conditions generated by trials of witches.
C)the stabilization of governments after a period of crisis.
D)the questioning of traditional attitudes toward religion.
E)the passage of laws recognizing the equality of women in European society.
Q2) The Austrian monarchy never became a highly centralized, absolutist state, in part because it included too many different national groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What role did court life at Versailles during the reign of Louis XIV playing in enhancing royal power?
Q4) Louis XIV advertised himself as the Sun King.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why were women the prevalent victims of Europe's witch craze?
Page 17
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Q1) During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science
A)declined greatly.
B)was common only in Italy.
C)became an international phenomenon.
D)replaced funding by the church.
E)was directed only towards pure research.
Q2) In his work Pensées, Pascal
A)showed that science and religion were incompatible.
B)popularized the scientific method.
C)offered his thoughts on the heliocentric theory.
D)attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.
E)advocated the importance of quiet contemplation instead of public scientific discourse.
Q3) The foundation of Francis Bacon's scientific method was built on
A)inductive reasoning.
B)speculative reasoning.
C)deductive reasoning.
D)triangulation.
E)alchemy.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to A)scientific theism.
B)an abandonment of the scientific method.
C)intellectual stagnation.
D)the formation of several agnostic religious movements.
E)the emergence of the "science of man."
Q2) Johann Sebastian Bach
A)was best known for his cantatas and motets.
B)became a close German confidant of Voltaire.
C)produced religious music as a way to worship God.
D)was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century.
E)composed Messiah.
Q3) Pogroms were
A)parties held to celebrate the amity between Jews and Christians.
B)instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
C)special Jewish holidays practiced only by Sephardim.
D)special Jewish holidays practiced only by Ashkenazim.
E)treaties offering Jews economic liberties.
Q4) How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?
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Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) In the 1700s members of the British Parliament were
A)appointed by the King.
B)usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting.
C)chosen in different ways in different districts.
D)elected by a vote of all adult males.
E)elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.
Q2) The European peasantry in the eighteenth century
A)comprised nearly half of Europe's population.
B)was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789.
C)often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
D)benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany.
E)disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.
Q3) Was there an agricultural revolution in the eighteenth century? Why or why not?
Q4) Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian
A)general.
B)courtier.
C)architect.
D)musician.
E)composer.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French
Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) What grievances caused the American Revolution, and how did they reflect Enlightenment attitudes? What impact did the conflict and its consequences have on Europe?
Q2) In France, the First Estate was composed of
A)the nobility.
B)the clergy.
C)the peasants.
D)the military.
E)The nobility.
Q3) As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to
A)one-fifth of total government spending.
B)one-quarter of total government spending.
C)one-third of total government spending.
D)one-half of all government spending.
E)two-thirds of all government spending.
Q4) Compare and contrast Napoleon with the enlightened absolutists in eastern Europe.Was he more enlightened or more absolutist?
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Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as A)puddling.
B)cottling.
C)the open hearth.
D)skimming.
E)corking.
Q2) The People's Charter drawn up in 1838 called for
A)workers throughout the country to break machines and burn factories.
B)universal male suffrage and annual sessions of Parliament.
C)the replacement of Parliament with a scheme of local governments.
D)government to provide a chart of national expenditures to expose political corruption.
E)a weakening of labor unions.
Q3) The early center of American industrialization was
A)the South.
B)the Midwest.
C)the Northwest.
D)the Northeast.
E)All of these are correct.
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Chapter 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) All nineteenth-century conservatives, from Edmund Burke to Joseph de Maistre, opposed any change whatsoever in the traditional political and social structures of society, and argued that a hereditary monarchy must be maintained at all costs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The writer who argued that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of Romantic heroes who transformed society was
A)Edgard Allen Poe.
B)Hans Christian Andersen.
C)Thomas Macauley.
D)Thomas Carlyle.
E)William Wordsworth.
Q3) The Congress of Vienna placed much of Italy under Austrian domination.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were some of the means that governments attempted to maintain order in the nineteenth century? Which were most successful, and why?
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Chapter 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) As a consequence of its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to A)pay an indemnity to Prussia of five billion francs.
B)abandon Nice and Marseilles.
C)agree to allow Prussia to control Luxembourg.
D)try Napoleon III for war crimes before a Prussian tribunal.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) The dispute that sparked the Franco-Prussian War concerned
A)the candidacy of a member of the Hohenzollern dynasty to the Spanish throne.
B)Bismarck's decision to invade Luxembourg.
C)the French invasion of Alsace and Lorraine.
D)Napoleon III's annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.
E)the French seizure of Alsace and Lorraine.
Q3) Real wages for British laborers between 1850 and 1870 increased by A)more than 25 percent.
B)approximately 50 percent.
C)nearly 100 percent.
D)200 percent.
E)None of these are correct.
Q4) Compare and contrast the roles of Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi in the unification of Italy.Whose role was most important and why?
Page 24
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Chapter 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
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Q1) The Second Industrial Revolution saw the advent of what new product?
A)textiles
B)steel
C)coal
D)railroads
E)factories
Q2) The Boulanger Crisis in France had the end result of
A)strengthening the monarchists.
B)rallying French citizens to the cause of the Republic.
C)splitting the support and allegiance of the army.
D)causing the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871.
E)toppling the Third Republic.
Q3) In the late nineteenth century, urban populations grew faster than the general population, despite the dramatic worsening of health and living conditions in cities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast political policies pursued in eastern and western Europe in the final quarter of the nineteenth century.
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Chapter 24: An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
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Q1) By the early twentieth century, was the Ottoman Empire still a major force in Western civilization?
Q2) The Congress of Berlin granted home rule to Ireland.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Social Darwinism was
A)the application of the principle of organic evolution to the social order.
B)an effort to explain the problems of society by psychological means.
C)an explanation, sociologically, of Darwin's biological ideas.
D)advocated by Nietzsche.
E)condemned by Freud.
Q4) Clara Barton embodied the concept of the "new woman," having attended medical school and pioneered a new form of childhood education.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What were some of the underlying causes for the Great War that broke out in 1914?
Q6) What did the New Physics and concepts of psychoanalysis contribute to Modernism?
Page 26
Q7) What were the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1905?
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War and Revolution
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Q1) The leader who remarked, "In questions of honor and vital interests, you don't consult others" was
A)Emperor William II of Germany.
B)Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
C)Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
D)General Paul von Hindenburg.
E)Queen Victoria of Great Britain.
Q2) Why did the nations of Europe go to war in 1914? What did they hope to gain from the conflict, and how did their goals change during the course of the war?
Q3) Can the Treaty of Versailles be viewed as a successful settlement of the war? Why or why not?
Q4) Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917
A)Lenin accelerated the war effort against Germany.
B)Lenin returned the control of factories to their rightful owners.
C)Lenin ratified the redistribution of land which had already been seized by peasants.
D)Lenin successfully managed to reestablish the Duma under socialist control.
E)Lenin confiscated all the agricultural land in Russia, forcing the peasants into large collective farms.
Page 27
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Chapter 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) All of the following are correct about the European nations and their colonial empires during the interwar years EXCEPT
A)despite World War I, the Europeans had maintained their colonial empires.
B)Britain and France had added to their empires by dividing up many of Germany's colonial possessions.
C)the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was strengthened during the 1920s and 1930s.
D)the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was undermined during the 1920s and 1930s.
E)there was a rising tide of unrest in the colonial world against Western imperialism.
Q2) One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was
A)the complete destruction of Communist parties.
B)huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain.
C)the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s.
D)the rise of dictatorial movements in many areas of Europe.
E)the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery.
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28
Chapter 27: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War II
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Sample Questions
Q1) By 1941, the Japanese Empire included all of the following, EXCEPT
A)Korea.
B)Manchuria.
C)Australia.
D)Formosa (Taiwan).
E)Marshall islands.
Q2) What were Hitler's major goals and policies from 1933 to 1939? How did other European powers respond to those goals and policies, and why did they lead to war?
Q3) Which one of the following did NOT occur after Hitler's unilateral 1935 announcement of German rearmament?
A)France condemned Germany and warned against future aggression.
B)Britain condemned Germany and warned against future aggression.
C)Italy praised Germany and counseled more such behavior in the future.
D)Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval Pact later in the year, acquiescing to Hitler's growing military might.
E)The British began to appease Hitler.
Q4) How important was the United States in determining the outcome of the war in Europe?
Q5) Who bears responsibility for the enactment of the "Final Solution"?
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Chapter 28: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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Sample Questions
Q1) In her path-breaking text The Second Sex, the influential French feminist author Simone de Beauvoir argued that
A)women should renounce all contact with men and set up their own self-governing communes.
B)women were always and wrongly defined by their differences from men and consequently seen as second-class beings.
C)the Second World War had legitimated the political advantages and hegemonic power of males.
D)a "sexual revolution" was impossible and discouraged women outside of France from taking up her ideas.
E)there was absolutely no hope in improving the status of women in the near future.
Q2) France's Fourth Republic collapsed and Charles de Gaulle came to power in 1958 because of disastrous French defeats in Vietnam.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How did the policies of the United States affect Western Europe in the period from 1945 to 1965?
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Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation: The Western World
1965-1985
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Q1) Under the U.S.presidency of Jimmy Carter, a major goal of American foreign policy was
A)a new effort to contain Communism around the globe.
B)the protection of human rights globally.
C)American withdrawal from European defensive alliances to counter Soviet power.
D)the emplacement of new nuclear weapons systems in Europe for possible use against Russia.
E)to weaken the Islamic Republic of Iran by military force.
Q2) The Reagan Revolution extended welfare benefits to the poor and balanced the federal budget.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Postmodernism in art could include all of the following EXCEPT
A)an eclectic mingling of historic tradition and Modernist innovation.
B)an architecture of complexity and contradiction.
C)blurring the distinction between the arts, including film, performance, and popular culture.
D)"happenings."
E)Photorealism.
Page 31
Q4) What major economic problems and consequences plagued the West during the 1970s?
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Chapter 30: After the Fall: The Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) What attitudes and actions have determined American foreign policy since 1985?
Q2) Which people and events brought the Cold War to an end? Is it accurate to declare "winners" and "losers"? Why or why not?
Q3) The collapse of the U.S.housing market in 2007-2008 led to
A)firm international agreement about how to manage the global economy.
B)no real hardship except for the rich.
C)a worldwide recession.
D)falling prices for gold.
E)a necessary recalibration of the international debt-to-capital ratio.
Q4) How do the problems and antagonisms among the other countries of the former Yugoslavia exemplify the continuing force of nationalism in contemporary Europe?
Q5) The world population reached 7 billion people in 2013, having increased by 2 billion people in only
A)50 years.
B)40 years.
C)35 years.
D)25 years.
E)15 years.
Q6) Is capitalism the dominant force on the planet today?
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