Foundations of Psychology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology provides an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores the core concepts, theories, and research methods that underpin psychology as a discipline, including biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, and social influences. Students will examine the historical development of psychology, key figures, and major theoretical perspectives, as well as gain insight into practical applications and ethical issues in the field. The course lays a strong groundwork for further study in psychology and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Understanding Psychology 11th Edition by Robert S. Feldman
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14 Chapters
2281 Verified Questions
2281 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
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276 Verified Questions
276 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before participating in an experiment,the participants must sign a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve,what risks the experiment may hold,and the fact that their participation is purely voluntary and they may terminate it at any time.This refers to which ethical principle of research?
A) Informed consent
B) Debriefing
C) Experimental manipulation
D) Significant outcome
Answer: A
Q2) Dr.Carruthers is using crime statistics available in a federal database as part of a study.Dr.Carruthers is conducting a(n):
A) case study.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) archival research.
D) survey.
Answer: C
Q3) The psychodynamic perspective originated in the work of ,an Austrian physician. Answer: Sigmund Freud
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) neurons transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system.
Answer: Afferent
Q2) In which lobe is the motor area located?
A) Occipital
B) Frontal
C) Parietal
D) Temporal
Answer: B
Q3) The part of the brain that controls bodily balance is the _____.
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) reticular formation
D) cerebellum
Answer: D
Q4) The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary movement;in contrast,the nervous system underlies involuntary movement.
Answer: autonomic
Q5) The cortex has four major sections called .
Answer: lobes
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Refraction is to accommodation what the _____ is to the _____.
A) pupil;lens
B) cornea;pupil
C) cornea;lens
D) lens;cornea
Answer: C
Q2) Suppose you stare at an illustration of the American flag for a while,then glance at a blank white page.The red stripes look green when you glance at the blank page because:
A) cones responsive to green light begin firing.
B) cones responsive to red light stop firing.
C) the receptor cells for the red component of the pairing become fatigued.
D) the receptor cells for the green component of the pairing begin to adapt.
Answer: C
Q3) _____ refers to perception that does not involve our known senses.
A) Direct perception
B) Extrasensory perception
C) Subliminal perception
D) Haptic perception
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: States of Consciousness
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to a survey of 14,000 high school seniors across the United States,which of the following substances have high school seniors used the most?
A) Marijuana
B) Alcohol
C) Cigarettes
D) Steroids
Q2) Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the activation information modulation (AIM)and activation-synthesis theories of dreaming?
A) Activation information modulation (AIM)theory is a competitor to activation-synthesis theory.
B) Activation-synthesis theory is part of the activation information modulation (AIM)theory.
C) Activation-synthesis theory has been refined by the activation information modulation (AIM)theory.
D) Activation information modulation (AIM)theory was replaced by activation-synthesis theory.
Q3) drugs influence emotion,perception,and behavior.
Q4) Briefly discuss the reasons for needing sleep.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Learning
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A) A café prints "You are a winner" on a random one-twelfth of its coffee lids;patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage.
B) A café offers its customers a punch card.Each time a patron purchases a beverage,a hole is punched;when ten holes are punched,the patron receives a free beverage.
C) A café offers each patron an early morning two-for-one free-beverage-with-purchase deal from 5 to 6 a.m.on Monday mornings.
D) Now and then,a café announces a two-for-one deal.
Q2) Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a personal day,because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses.This example most clearly illustrates:
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus control.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) shaping.
Q3) A weekly paycheck is an example of schedule.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Memory
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Julia is puzzled over a fill-in-the-blank question in her sociology test paper.To answer the question correctly,Julia has to use _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) implicit
C) subconscious
D) implied
Q2) Describe the two sorts of interference that influence forgetting.
Q3) Why is the term engram generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory?
A) Psychologists do not believe it is possible to identify the physical brain bases of a memory.
B) There is probably no single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory.
C) Any given memory probably involves many simultaneous brain processes and locations because a stimulus contains a single sensory aspect.
D) The term engram typically involves physical memory that corresponds only to sensory memory.
Q4) While a computer's hard drive may be likened to the memory process of storage,its keyboard is analogous to the process of .
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8
Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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254 Verified Questions
254 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tests for which norms have been developed are known as tests.
Q2) Which of the following factors is NOT closely related to creativity?
A) Cognitive complexity
B) Abstract problems
C) Range of interests
D) Intelligence
Q3) _____ problems require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion.
A) Arrangement
B) Inducing structure
C) Transformation
D) Prescriptive
Q4) Critical or creative thinking may be enhanced by each of the following strategies EXCEPT:
A) using analogies.
B) considering opposites.
C) avoiding heuristics.
D) experimenting with solutions.
Q5) Outline Sternberg's theory of intelligence.
Q6) The process of forming subgoals is known as .
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the self-determination theory,_____ is the perception that we have control over our own lives.
A) reliance
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence
Q2) Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy.Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly.Carrie and Mandy have different:
A) metabolic rates.
B) eating disorders.
C) homeostatic ratios.
D) g factors.
Q3) Meghan is bulimic.Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?
A) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
B) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be underweight.
C) Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
D) Meghan is probably seriously underweight.
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10
Chapter 9: Development
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice.His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass.Jay is now content that he has more juice.Jay has failed to grasp the concept of:
A) object permanence.
B) egocentrism.
C) hypo-deductive reasoning.
D) conservation.
Q2) Eliza takes her 1-year-old son,Danny,to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him.Danny eagerly explores the room as long as Eliza is present.When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms,Danny becomes somewhat upset.When she returns,though,he quickly calms down.In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth,which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?
A) Disorganized
B) Ambivalent
C) Secure
D) Avoidant
Q3) During the concrete operational period,children learn to undo operations in their minds.Piaget termed this ability as the principle.
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11
Chapter 10: Personality
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138 Verified Questions
138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following alternatives incorrectly identifies an advantage or disadvantage of the trait approach to personality?
A) Con: Trait approaches are merely descriptions of personality,not explanations.
B) Con: Trait approaches do not facilitate the objective comparison of one person with another.
C) Pro: Trait approaches have led to many useful personality assessment inventories.
D) Pro: Trait approaches provide a clear,straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies.
Q2) Which trait theorist is correctly matched with the number of basic personality dimensions proposed in his theory?
A) Gordon Allport;16
B) Raymond Cattell;5
C) Hans Eysenck;3
D) Raymond Cattell;10
Q3) The notion that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control is the approach to personality.
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Chapter 11: Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wishful thinking and the use of drugs exemplify the use of _____ coping.
A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) avoidant
D) proactive
Q2) Which of the following is TRUE of defense mechanisms?
A) Defense mechanisms deal with reality.
B) Defense mechanisms are personality characteristics associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.
C) Defense mechanisms permit people to avoid stress by acting as if the stress were not even there.
D) People who practice defense mechanisms are generally optimistic,good-natured,and have good social skills.
Q3) Stress has many direct and indirect consequences resulting in potential declines.Identify two such effects.Select one of these effects and describe in as much detail as you can and how you would investigate it empirically using correlational or experimental research techniques.
Q4) Commitment,challenge,and control are the three Cs of.
Q5) Explain the psychological aspects of cancer.
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Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mood disorder refers to:
A) a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and assumes a new identity.
B) a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living.
C) an actual physical disturbance,such as the inability to use a sensory organ.
D) an actual loss of information from memory that typically results from a physiological cause.
Q2) Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a major role in depression?
A) Endorphins
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) Morphine
Q3) Define somatic symptom disorders.Describe a type of somatic symptom disorder.
Q4) In _____,negative symptoms are more prominent.
A) reactive schizophrenia
B) process schizophrenia
C) Type I schizophrenia
D) Type II schizophrenia
Q5) In ,people take sudden,impulsive trips and sometimes assume a new identity.
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Chapter 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is transference?
A) The transfer of a learned response from one task to another similar task
B) The transfer of irrational cognitions to the self
C) The transfer of strong feelings about parents or authority figures to a psychoanalyst
D) A behavioral technique invented to facilitate the transfer of learned behaviors from the session to the outside world
Q2) The token system is most often used:
A) in institutional settings,for individuals with relatively serious problems.
B) as an appraisal technique.
C) by friends in a dorm.
D) as a classroom management technique.
Q3) After telling his psychoanalyst about his relationship with his ex-wife for a few minutes,Jerome suddenly changes the subject.Jerome is exhibiting:
A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) a latent conflict.
D) projection.
Q4) Contingency contracting and token economies are based on conditioning.
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15
Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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154 Verified Questions
154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you are exhibiting the self-serving bias,which statement would be your most likely explanation for a poor grade on the test?
A) "The professor doesn't know how to teach."
B) "I'm just not very good at this subject."
C) "I didn't study well enough to get a good grade."
D) "In general,I'm not very smart."
Q2) Consider the distinction many researchers make between passionate and companionate love.How do the two types of love differ?
A) Passionate love does not involve feelings of closeness and connectedness;companionate love does.
B) Passionate love does not involve commitment;companionate love does.
C) Companionate love does not involve feelings of closeness and connectedness;passionate love does.
D) Companionate love does not involve physical intimacy;passionate love does.
Q3) is a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members.
Q4) Distinguish between the central and peripheral routes to persuasion.
Q5) Evaluations of a particular person,behavior,belief,or concept are termed .
Q6) The intentional injury of,or harm to,another person is called .
Page 16
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