Foundations of Psychology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology provides an introduction to the core concepts, theories, and scientific methods essential to the study of human behavior and mental processes. The course explores key psychological domains such as perception, cognition, learning, development, emotion, motivation, and personality, while also examining biological, social, and cultural influences on individual and group behavior. Through the analysis of classical and contemporary experiments, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how psychologists investigate questions about the mind and behavior, laying the groundwork for further study in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Theory and Research 12th Edition by Daniel Cervone
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15 Chapters
1423 Verified Questions
1423 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some possible contributions of theory are to
A) sharpen research objectives.
B) make research more organized.
C) organize what is known.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
Q2) Concepts such as trait and type fall into which of the following areas?
A) structure.
B) process.
C) growth and development.
D) psychopathology.
Answer: A
Q3) The extreme views on whether the determinants of behavior are internal or external are represented by which pair of names?
A) Allport/Freud.
B) Sullivan/White.
C) Freud/Skinner.
D) White/Kuhn.
Answer: C
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Scientific Study of People
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Measures designed to tap beliefs of which people may not be aware are called _______ measures.
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) idiographic
D) nomothetic
Answer: A
Q2) Steele's research on stereotype threat demonstrated that stereotype threat processes
A) impair performance.
B) improve performance by motivating individuals.
C) have no affect on performance.
Answer: A
Q3) Reliability refers to
A) the utility of observations.
B) the validity of observations.
C) the replicability of observations.
D) all of the above.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: A Psychodynamic Theory: Freuds
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on Oedipal behaviors suggests that around age four children show
A) behavior consistent with psychoanalytic theory.
B) behavior that contradicts psychoanalytic theory.
C) only the behavior of boys fit the theory.
D) only the behavior of girls fit the theory.
Answer: A
Q2) Research on thought suppression suggests that
A) this may contribute to the development of phobias.
B) this is good for one's physical health.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Answer: A
Q3) Basically, defense mechanisms are mechanisms by which a person can defend oneself from anxiety emanating from which of the following sources?
A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Freuds Psychodynamic Theory: Applications,
Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a Jungian archetype that represents the task of integrating various opposing forces of the psyche?
A) The persona)
B) The self.
C) The mandala)
D) The collective unconscious.
Q2) Over the years many analysts departed from Freud and developed their own theoretical views. Discuss the grounds for these departures, including in your discussion some of the major theorists and the concepts they developed to emphasize their own points of view.
Q3) According to Bowlby, the ABS
A) has adaptive value.
B) is learned.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Q4) Today's psychoanalysts are more concerned with the self than was true in earlier years.
Page 6
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss Freud's theory of psychopathology.
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Page 7
Chapter 5: A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory of Personality
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The psychoanalytic concept most relevant to that of self-actualization is A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) competence motivation.
Q2) Rogers' theory is primarily a theory of
A) the structure of personality.
B) the nature of psychology as a science.
C) the process of change.
D) psychopathology.
Q3) According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for A) satisfaction of biological needs.
B) meeting security needs.
C) self-actualization.
D) psychosocial maturation.
Q4) One measure of recognition of the self is
A) self-directed mirror behavior.
B) startle response at one's mirror image.
C) reflected appraisals.
D) all of the above.
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Chapter 6: A Phenomenological Theory - Applications and Evaluation of Rogers Theory
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How might Freud have responded to Sartre's claim that people have unique mental capacities that give us free will?
A) He would have agreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by controllable conscious processes.
B) He would have disagreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by uncontrollable unconscious forces.
C) He would have disagreed, on the basis that the environment is largely responsible for all behavior.
D) He would have agreed, citing the universality of certain symbols or "archetypes."
Q2) Frankl's method of therapy was known as
A) gestalt therapy.
B) guten therapy.
C) logotherapy.
D) behavior therapy.
Q3) Experimental research supports Rogers' concept of self-actualization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss Rogers' view of psychotherapy, comparing it with the Freudian view.
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Trait Approaches to Personality - Allport,
Eyesneck and Cattell
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of data relates to behavior in laboratory situations?
A) L-data.
B) Q-data.
C) Ot-data.
D) N-data.
Q2) According to Allport, situation characteristics
A) are unimportant in influencing behavior.
B) help to explain variability in behavior.
C) can be measured objectively.
D) can completely determine behavior.
Q3) According to Eysenck,
A) genetic factors play a major role in personality.
B) environmental factors play a major role in personality.
C) the basis for individual differences is unknown.
D) the future of psychology lies in clinical work.
Q4) According to Allport, both trait and situation are necessary to understand behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Trait Theory: the Five-Factor Model: Applications and Evaluation of the Trait Approach
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Concerning developmental aspects of traits, research suggests a relationship between
A) early temperament and later traits.
B) childhood and greater trait complexity.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q2) According to the fundamental lexical hypothesis
A) language determines thinking.
B) language determines behavior.
C) language expresses observations.
D) none of the above.
Q3) Cattell's factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI's A) factors.
B) facets.
C) items.
D) none of the above.
Q4) The five-factor model offers a specific model for psychological treatment. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Biological Foundations of Personality
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two traits show similar heritability estimates, therefore
A) their phenotypes are to the same extent genetically determined.
B) subgroups within each population will show the same average scores on the trait.
C) two individuals randomly selected from the two groups will be alike on the trait.
D) none of the above.
Q2) _____________ activity is associated both with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
A) Serotonin.
B) Testosterone.
C) Cortisol.
D) Dopamine.
Q3) Serotonin is implicated in schizophrenia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Genes govern behavior directly.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality
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86 Verified Questions
86 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behaviorists generally believe that
A) it is possible to generalize from the laboratory to real life.
B) one cannot generalize from rats to humans.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q2) The learning theory account of psychopathology is that people
A) can develop sick personalities.
B) are mentally sick.
C) have specialized problems.
D) do not respond appropriately to stimuli.
Q3) In ____________ a response is reinforced because it is associated with the termination of an aversive stimulus.
A) escape learning
B) successive approximation
C) avoidance learning
D) punishment
Q4) Explain why Skinner argued against the idea that people have free will.
Q5) In the sample approach to assessment, traits are inferred from test behavior. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: A Cognitive Theory of Personality: George a Kellys
Personal Construct Theory of Personality
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76 Verified Questions
76 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Kelly, people are different in their constructs but follow the same principles of construct system functioning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Kelly felt that people function the way they do in order to
A) expand and validate the construct system.
B) avoid pain.
C) obtain reinforcement.
D) both (a) and (b).
Q3) The value of constructs is that they
A) help us to gratify our instincts.
B) help us to impose order and regularity on the world.
C) are associated with affect and motivation.
D) all of the above.
Q4) For Kelly, psychopathology is a disordered response to anxiety.
A)True B)False
Q5) Kelly's theory portrays people as oriented to the present.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Social Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The point of Cervone and Peake's research on anchoring, self-efficacy, and behavior was that
A) people are highly motivated to perform well in academic settings.
B) self-efficacy judgments causally influence behavior.
C) self-efficacy should be assessed in a context-specific manner.
D) self-efficacy judgments may change over time.
Q2) Although conceptualized differently, social cognitive theory shares many fundamental assumptions with trait theory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A major theme is Bandura's work is that people
A) can learn merely by observation.
B) have the capacity to self-regulate their actions and experiences.
C) contribute agentically to their own development.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Q4) Self-efficacy beliefs are important mediators to action.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Social-Cognitive Theory: Extensions,
Applications, and Evaluation
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Self schemas are
A) derived from past experience.
B) guides for the processing of information.
C) generalizations concerning the self.
D) all of the above.
Q2) In Higgins' research, personal standards relevant to one's own performance are called
A) motives.
B) traits.
C) self-guides.
D) self-efficacy.
Q3) In Dweck's research, beliefs that we cannot state in words are called A) implicit theories.
B) submerged theories.
C) explicit theories.
D) repressed theories.
Q4) Cognitive therapists view unconscious beliefs as at least as important as conscious beliefs.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 14: Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations,
Culture, and Development Across the Course of Life
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss some research examples in which personality development is shown to reflect an interaction of early-life personality styles and social context.
Q2) A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity
A) predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
B) did not predict outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
C) did not predict outcomes at all.
D) was unrelated to other personality variables.
Q3) "Hot" attentional focus reduces emotional arousal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The RSQ measures
A) rational stimuli.
B) role specialization.
C) regional styles.
D) rejection sensitivity.
Q5) Transference can be studied in the lab.
A)True
B)False
17
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Chapter 15: An Overview of Personality Theory, Assessment, and Research
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49 Verified Questions
49 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast three of the theorists covered in the text in relation to their theories of motivation and personality change.
Q2) The psychoanalytic view of the importance of early experiences for personality development can be contrasted with (i.e., is unlike)
A) trait theory.
B) social cognitive theory.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q3) Which of the following had the least to say about psychopathology?
A) Allport.
B) Eysenck.
C) Kelly.
D) Bandura.
Q4) Media modeling has been used successfully to promote literacy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The text warns against the danger of reductionism.
A)True
B)False
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