Foundations of Psychology Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology offers a comprehensive introduction to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course explores core psychological theories, principles, and research methods while surveying key topics such as biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, cognition, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Students gain an understanding of how psychologists investigate questions about the mind and behavior, laying the groundwork for more advanced study in the field and promoting critical thinking about human experience.
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Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology
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Q1) As a biological psychologist,Dr.Arztoften collaborates with his colleagues in the fields of genetics,computer science,and neurophysiology.These researchers from different disciplines all work within the larger field of ____.
A) neuroscience
B) psychoneuroimmunology
C) communitypsychology
D) physiologicalpsychology
Answer: A
Q2) Dr.McGufficke's research indicates that twenty minutes of exercise done three times a week positively affects people's emotions as well as their overall fitness.Dr.McGufficke is a(n)____ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) health
D) industrial and organizational
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research in Psychology
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Q1) A researcher tests the influence of environment on cognitive development by taking newborn children away from their parents and assigning half of them to a rich cognitive environment and half to a deprived cognitive environment.Is there anything wrong with this experiment,and if so,what?
A) No; there is nothing wrong with this experiment.
B) Yes; there is no control group.
C) Yes; this experimental method violates ethical standards.
D) Yes; this experimental method cannot control for the Hawthorne effect.
Answer: C
Q2) Dr.Tarantino wants to know the degree to which heredity and environment affect differences among individuals.Which research approach would he be least likely to consider?
A) gender study
B) adoption study
C) family study
D) twin study
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Biological Aspects of Psychology
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Q1) An action potential has just sped down one of your efferent neurons to jerk your hand off the hot stove.Before an action potential will speed through this neuron again,the membrane of the neuron must become repolarized.The time between the action potentials is called the ____ period.
A) refractory
B) polarization
C) self-propagating
D) repolarization
Answer: A
Q2) Luke is learning to play the guitar.Recent research suggests that the organization of Luke's somatosensory cortex may change to allow more of the neurons there to respond to touch.Which lobe of Luke's cerebral cortex contains the somatosensory cortex?
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) When you look at the pattern below,you tend to perceive three "groups" of two items each rather than perceiving six separate items. XXXXXX
This tendency is best explained by the Gestalt principle of ____.
A) common fate
B) closure
C) similarity
D) proximity
Q2) The ____ theory best explains the phenomena of complementary colors.
A) opponent-process
B) feature detection
C) trichromatic
D) gate-control
Q3) Ophelia has two types of cones: those sensitive to red light and those sensitive to green light.Ophelia has ____.
A) total blindness
B) spot blindness
C) normal vision
D) colorblindness
Q4) Explain the theories that describe how people see color.
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Q1) Systematic desensitization,which is used to treat phobias,is based on which learning paradigm?
A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) social learning
D) instrumental learning
Q2) Every time Bert slices onions,the onions burn his eyes and tears run down his face.One day,he opens the silverware drawer,pulls out the knife that he uses only to peel onions,and immediately starts to shed tears from the sight of the knife.In this situation,the onion is the ____,and the knife is the __________.
A) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response; unconditioned response
D) unconditioned response; conditioned response
Q3) Set up positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,and punishment programs that a parent could use to teach a ten-year-old child to clean his room.What are the drawbacks of using punishment? What is the most effective way to use punishment?
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Chapter 5: Memory
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Q1) Matilda asks Becky,"How was your spring break?" As Becky describes her vacation,she begins to feel guilty because she subconsciously recalls how her parents criticized her for taking a trip instead of getting caught up in her studies.Becky's recollection of her vacation is an example of a(n)____ memory,and her feeling of guilt is an example of a(n)____ memory.
A) implicit; explicit
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; semantic
D) explicit; implicit
Q2) Polina participates in a short-term memory experiment.The experimenter reads aloud a list of twenty objects,and Polina has to mentally rate how effective each object would be if she was stranded on a deserted island.The experimenter then asks her to count backwards by threes from one hundred.This task,known as ____,ensures that Polina does not rehearse the information to keep it in her short-term memory.
A) motivated forgetting
B) chunking
C) the Brown-Peterson distractor technique
D) the relearning method
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Chapter 7: Thought and Language
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Q1) While playing a video game,you guide your character through a make-believe world,avoiding some objects and picking up others,while responding to various events.This extremely rapid process of description,elaboration,decision,planning,and action illustrates ____.
A) an artificial concept
B) mental chronometry
C) a mental model
D) the circle of thought
Q2) At a meeting of your swimming club,a vote will be taken as to whether you are all going to swim across a body of water.Last year,the club swam across Crystal Lake,a small lake.The majority votes to do the swim.If group polarization occurs,you would expect the group to decide to swim across ____.
A) the local creek
B) the local public pool
C) Crystal Lake
D) the Mississippi River
Q3) Explain the reasons that human decisions can be flawed and biased,thus leading to unsatisfactory outcomes.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Q1) Mrs.Blair is a fourth grade teacher.She has been told that her new student,Vish,is an exceptionally bright student.Based on your knowledge of teacher expectancies,which outcome is least likely?
A) Mrs. Blair is more likely to correct his mistakes.
B) Vish is more likely to enjoy school.
C) Mrs. Blair will react more positively to Vish's comments.
D) Vish will demonstrate a modest-to-significant increase in his IQ score.
Q2) According to Charles Spearman,scores of cognitive ability are the result of ____.
A) primary mental abilities
B) general and special intelligences
C) fluid and crystallized intelligence
D) information processing
Q3) Individuals diagnosed with intellectual development disorder ____.
A) vary greatly in their cognitive abilities and in their ability to function independently
B) are unable to live independently
C) are unable to work outside the home
D) have speech and communication impairments
Q4) Describe the four approaches to intelligence presented in the text.
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Chapter 9: Consciousness
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Q1) Which statement is the least plausible explanation of why we sleep?
A) Sleep provides a time to process new learning.
B) Sleep provides time for the body to restore norepinephrine sensitivity.
C) Sleep facilitates brain development, especially in infancy.
D) Sleep provides time alone, away from social interaction.
Q2) According to your text,which effect has not been consistently demonstrated as an effective outcome of hypnosis?
A) relief of pain from dental work
B) reduced nausea after chemotherapy
C) decreased bleeding during surgery
D) help with recovering repressed memories
Q3) Psychoactive drugs achieve their effects in all of the following ways except ____.
A) mutating neurotransmitter receptors
B) blocking neurotransmitter receptors
C) altering the release of neurotransmitters
D) mimicking neurotransmitters
Q4) Your friend learns you are taking psychology and asks you,"Why do people dream?"
Based on the theories and research on dreams you've learned about in this course,what answer would you give your friend?
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Ten-year-old Sasha begins crying uncontrollably while watching Old Yeller,a movie in which a brave dog saves his master but is killed by the bad guys.Her mother tells Sasha,"It's all pretend! Don't worry.Yeller is alive and living in Hollywood,California!" After her mom explains,Sasha feels much better and stops crying.This difference in Sasha's emotional reaction can best be explained by ____.
A) arousal theory
B) a difference in her interpretation of the situation
C) drive reduction theory
D) Maslow's hierarchy.
Q2) We can usually control whether we cry,but we can't usually control whether we feel sorrow.This illustrates that emotions ____.
A) arise in part from a cognitive appraisal of a situation
B) are passions, not actions
C) are accompanied by bodily responses
D) are experiences, not overt behaviors or specific thoughts
Q3) Compare and contrast the James-Lange,Cannon-Bard,and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.
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Chapter 11: Human Development
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Q1) Nellie has just discovered that she is pregnant.She is a smoker and knows she should quit because nicotine is especially harmful to the fetus during the ____ stage of development and leads to ____.
A) embryonic; low birth weight
B) embryonic; intellectual disability
C) fetal; loss of limbs
D) fetal; brain damage
Q2) Which statement suggests a genetic basis for gender differences?
A) Differential treatment of boys and girls by parents
B) The media glamorizing gender-appropriate behavior
C) Peer pressure among children to behave in gender-appropriate ways
D) Finding similar gender differences across cultures
Q3) Bridgett and Timothy are in their thirties and are interested in starting a family because they want children to carry on the traditions and ideals of their families after they are no longer alive.According to Erikson,Bridgett and Timothy may be dealing with the crisis of ____.
A) autonomy
B) industry
C) intimacy
D) generativity
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Chapter 12: Health, stress, and Coping
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Q1) Scott loves to eat Chinese food,but he fears that Chinese restaurants prepare their food with MSG,which he believes is potentially harmful.He believes that if he stops eating restaurant Chinese food,he will be healthier.According to the health-belief model,what other factor is necessary for Scott to stop eating Chinese food?
A) a support network
B) a plan of action
C) self-efficacy
D) dispositional optimism
Q2) Han-Sung is a university student who feels very anxious and on edge when he is struggling to get everything done.To feel less anxious,he listens to relaxing classical music.Which form of coping skills does Han-Sung employ?
A) Emotion-focused
B) Problem-focused
C) Cynical optimist
D) Socially supportive
Q3) Describe five stages of readiness for changing health-related behaviors.
Q4) Describe the steps in a stress-coping program.
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Q1) A teacher is excessively neat,always insists on washing the blackboard before and after class,and always cleans the classroom after his lectures.According to Freudian theory,the teacher may be suffering from a(n)____.
A) anal fixation
B) repressed superego
C) oral fixation
D) phallic symbol fixation
Q2) After his girlfriend rejects his sexual advances,Elsworth goes to the park and plays the best game of basketball he's ever played.Elsworth's sexual energy could have been unconsciously converted to athletic prowess,according to which psychodynamic defense mechanism?
A) sublimation
B) displacement
C) projection
D) reaction formation
Q3) Describe the three basic assumptions of the trait approach to personality,and explain the difference between a type and a trait.
Q4) If you were asked to assess your psychology instructor's personality,what methods would you use?
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Histrionic and borderline personality disorders are part of the ____.
A) odd-eccentric cluster (Cluster A)
B) dramatic-erratic cluster (Cluster B)
C) anxious-fearful cluster (Cluster C)
D) withdrawn-depressive cluster (Cluster D)
Q2) Huang,who lives in Malaysia,is afraid that one day soon his penis will shrivel and retract into his body,and he will die from this eventually.His psychiatrist realizes that Huang has a condition called koro that is seen almost exclusively in Southeast Asia.In other words,Koro is a ____ disorder.
A) culture-general
B) somatization
C) hysterical
D) culture-specific
Q3) All of the following are considered part of the medical model of explaining psychopathology except ____.
A) cognitive distortions
B) having an imbalance of humors in the body
C) neurobiological factors
D) genetic influences
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Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Mario tells his therapist,"I am so confused about what area I want to major in." His therapist says,"So,you seem to be having trouble deciding what to study." Mario's therapist has used which technique?
A) modeling
B) active listening
C) congruence
D) flooding
Q2) Your friend is schizophrenic,and you are glad that she lives in modern times because her psychiatrist treats her schizophrenia with ____,whereas fifty years ago she might have been treated with ____.
A) a neuroleptic drug; EST
B) an tranquilizing drug; EST
C) EST; trephining
D) an antidepressant drug; psychosurgery
Q3) Electroconvulsive shock therapy (EST)is not usually used when the patient ____.
A) has schizophrenia
B) is not responding to antidepressant drugs
C) is at a high risk for suicide
D) has severe depression
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Chapter 16: Social Psychology
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Q1) According to Dr.Seuss,the Star-Belly Sneetches only want to identify with other Star-Belly Sneetches.They consider themselves as being different from Plain-Belly Sneetches and do not identify with them.What principle of prejudice theory is Dr.Seuss illustrating?
A) social categories
B) distinctiveness theory
C) confirmation bias
D) authoritarianism
Q2) Veronica is at a rock concert.During the concert,dozens of people start shouting obscenities at the police officers who come onto the stage to arrest the group.Even though she would never dream of yelling dirty words at police officers on her own,Veronica joins the crowd and is among the first to run up on stage to try to stop the police.Veronica is experiencing ____.
A) social facilitation
B) social deinhibition
C) deindividuation
D) normative pressure
Q3) What are the key factors that influence whether you will be attracted to someone?
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Chapter 17: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Q1) Elaine is preparing for a structured interview for a chiropractic solutions company,The Lumbar Yard.Elaine can expect all of the following of her interview except
A) being asked a set of specific questions in a particular order
B) having her responses rated on a set of dimensions by the interviewer
C) completing a set of exercises designed to determine her suitability for the position
D) answering questions that focus on job-related knowledge and skills
Q2) Allowing employees time to set specific goals has been shown to lead to ____.
A) more organizational citizenship behaviors
B) better job performance
C) fewer critical incidents
D) a decrease in absenteeism
Q3) Bonnie is researching various training methods to determine which would be best to establish for her company.She discovers that ____ training is associated with greater learning and retention than ____ training.
A) objective; subjective
B) subjective; objective
C) massed; distributed
D) distributed; massed
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) Klatdlit has memory loss,and it is causing her to lose the ability to function well at home alone.Most likely,she has ____.
A) primary progressive aphasia
B) alexia without agraphia
C) dementia
D) mild cognitive impairment
Q2) Before Roy can be licensed to practice neuropsychology,he must first complete an internship.His internship will ____.
A) last about six months
B) include mentoring and close supervision
C) likely take place in a private practice
D) mostly comprise teaching and conducting research
Q3) Nadia studies patients who have trouble speaking after damage to the left frontal lobe.She wants to determine how functions are impaired by damage in this area.Nadia will likely perform ____.
A) lesion analysis
B) objective personality tests
C) RAS scans.
D) the Korsakoff battery
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Chapter 19: Appendix A: Statistics in Psychological Research
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Q1) After making a simple mistake,Wilma says,"I can't help that I'm not intelligent.It's just the way I'm hard-wired." Wilma's comment reveals a misconception about genetic influences because ____.
A) complex traits like intelligence are influenced by many genes, as well as environmental factors
B) intelligence has not been found to be highly heritable
C) most people fall within two standard deviations on a distribution of intelligence
D) controversial studies on intelligence used group differences to predict an individual's intelligence
Q2) A cell in a human body has divided into two new cells.Because the cell divided through a process known as mitosis,how many chromosomes will be found in each of the two new cells?
A) 46
B) 32
C) 23
D) 16
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Chapter 20: Appendix B: Behavioral Genetics
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Q1) <st2:personname w:st="on">Professor Goranson studies the relation between adolescents' self-esteem and the number of close friends they report having.After completing her statistical analyses,Professor Goranson finds that as the number of close friendships increased,adolescents' self-esteem rose moderately.Which correlation coefficient did she likely obtain?
A) -0.86
B) -0.35
C) +0.46
D) +0.98
Q2) As a researcher,you are interested in how the scores in your data set are dispersed.Specifically,you want to know the average difference between each score and the mean.You would find out this information by looking at the ____.
A) range
B) variance
C) standard deviation
D) correlation coefficient
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