Foundations of Psychological Science Exam Review
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychological Science introduces students to the scientific study of human thought, emotion, and behavior. This course explores fundamental psychological concepts including perception, learning, memory, motivation, development, and personality, as well as social and biological influences on behavior. Emphasis is placed on the research methods and empirical findings that shape psychological theory and practice. By examining classic and current studies, students will develop critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of how psychological science applies to everyday life and diverse contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
450 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to scholastic philosophy,the explanatory principle accounting for the highest mental functioning in humans was the:
A) interaction of the humors.
B) animal soul.
C) rational soul.
D) "unmoved mover."
Answer: C
Q2) Descartes believed that the best intellectual products:
A) emerge from group discussion and collaboration.
B) follow from careful study of the classics.
C) had been produced by the ancient Greeks.
D) were the work of individual minds thinking in relative isolation.
Answer: D
Q3) Since Descartes' time,research has shown that:
A) his theory of the body's mechanism was prophetically right in most respects.
B) his mechanistic theories were almost completely nonsense.
C) his theory of bodily mechanism was wrong in details, but highly productive in its general implications.
D) the body and mind do interact in the middle of the brain.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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Q1) For Locke,the largest amount of human knowledge was of which type?
A) intuitive
B) demonstrative
C) sensitive
D) practical
Answer: C
Q2) In Leibniz's New Essays on Human Understanding he likened his own position to that of ___________,and Locke's position to that of _________.
A) Plato; Socrates
B) Aristotle; Socrates
C) Aristotle; Plato
D) Plato; Aristotle
Answer: D
Q3) Leibniz proposed all of the following features of "minute perceptions" except:
A) they are characteristic of bare monads.
B) they can be responsible for unconscious motivational effects.
C) they are experienced only by animals and humans.
D) when aggregated in large numbers they can become conscious.
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Sample Questions
Q1) Damage to Wernicke's area produces:
A) inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself.
B) mispronunciation in one's own speech.
C) inability to utter declarative sentences.
D) both a and babove
Answer: D
Q2) If the brain's language areas are damaged in infancy:
A) language functions may develop normally, nonetheless.
B) language functions are unlikely to ever develop.
C) there may be partial recovery, but less than for similar injuries in adults.
D) specialized deficits such as stuttering may result.
Answer: A
Q3) The electrical stimulation of a conscious human brain by Bartholow in 1874:
A) was performed on a retarded patient who did not understand what was happening to her.
B) produced painful sensations and convulsions in the patient.
C) was terminated sooner than planned because of the death of the patient.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Helmholtz's analysis of the eye,the sharpness of focus within the visual field is:
A) impressively acute only in a very small region near the center.
B) about the same quality as that produced by a good camera lens.
C) impressive evidence of the optical perfection of the eye.
D) uniform throughout the entire field.
Q2) For stimuli such as electric shocks,where the jnd's become smaller with higher intensities,the psychophysical relationship is best expressed by:
A) Weber's law.
B) Fechner's law.
C) Steven's (power) law.
D) either b or c, which are mathematically equivalent.
Q3) To Helmholtz,the law of Conservation of Energy implied that:
A) all forms of energy are interchangeable varieties from a single reservoir, which cannot be increased or decreased.
B) vitalist theory was contrary to other natural laws.
C) there could be no perpetual motion machine.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Ebbinghaus' finding that memory for a learned task drops off most steeply immediately after the learning and then declines more slowly exemplifies the:
A) forgetting curve.
B) method of savings.
C) Psychophysical law.
D) stimulus error.
Q2) According to Wundt,voluntaristic psychology was:
A) a non-experimental branch of psychology that focused on the communal and cultural products of human nature.
B) a type of experimental psychology that focused first on discovering the "structure" of the mental phenomena before looking at the "function."
C) an approach to psychology that described events working at the periphery of conscious experience; events such as apperception, creative synthesis, psychic causality, and will.
D) both a and b above
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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Q1) ________________________was a younger friend and follower of Darwin's who used Darwin's notes on animal behavior in helping to found the new field of comparative psychology.
A) Herbert Spencer
B) George Romanes
C) Thomas H. Huxley
D) Alfred Russel Wallace
Q2) Alfred Russel Wallace is known for which of the following?
A) independently developing the theory of evolution by natural selection and having a paper on it read jointly with one by Darwin in 1858
B) anticipating Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection by several years but neglecting to publish it
C) collaborating with Darwin on a paper describing the theory of evolution by natural selection, which was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858
D) plagiarizing much of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and presenting it as his own at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858
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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Q1) In the 1920s behavioral geneticists realized that research on "separated" twins could be used to determine the "heritability" of any measurable trait,but only if certain conditions were met. Which of the following was not one of those conditions
A) The twins must be monozygotic.
B) The twins must by dizigotic.
C) The twins must have been randomly placed in a representative sample of adoptive foster homes.
D) The twins must have been separated completely and very early.
Q2) Which of the following represents the strongest correlation coefficient?
A) - .5
B) + .7
C) 0
D) +10
Q3) The phrase "nature and nurture" was introduced and popularized by:
A) de Candolle in History of the Sciences and Scientists over Two Centuries.
B) Darwin in Origin of Species.
C) Galton in English Men of Science.
D) Newman, Freeman and Holzinger in their study of separated twins.
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Q1) William James's most important contribution to psychology was probably:
A) an infectious enthusiasm and point of view that made psychology seem interesting and attractive.
B) his series of experiments on consciousness.
C) his theory of language and society.
D) all of the above
Q2) Mary Whiton Calkins's research on "paired associates" revealed:
A) that numerals associated with vivid colors were remembered somewhat better than those with neutral colors.
B) that women had better recall of number-color pairs than men did.
C) that strong emotions could be triggered easily with vivid colors.
D) that responses that were followed by pleasure were strengthened while those followed by pain tended to be "stamped out."
Q3) William James clearly established himself as an outstanding teacher of psychology with the publication of his 1890 book entitled:
A) Handbook of Physiological Psychology.
B) The Principles of Psychology.
C) Varieties of Religious Experience.
D) Pragmatism.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Q1) In Pavlovian conditioning,if two different tones are randomly presented many times each,but only one of the tones is reinforced each time by the presentation of food powder,a process called ________________gradually occurs so that only the reinforced tone retains the capacity to elicit a conditioned salivary response.
A) backwards conditioning
B) differentiation or discrimination
C) extinction
D) generalization
Q2) A cumulative record showing regular,scalloped-shaped variation is characteristically produced by:
A) fixed interval reinforcement.
B) fixed ratio reinforcement.
C) sudden withdrawal of reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement.
Q3) Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his:
A) systematic studies of the physiology of digestion.
B) systematic studies of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
C) application of conditioning principles to human psychiatric disorders.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) Which of the following is not a major characteristic of crowds,compared to individuals,according to Le Bon?
A) radical values
B) heightened suggestibility
C) intellectual inferiority
D) an increased likelihood of performing heroic actions
Q2) When "Good Father Liébeault" used hypnosis on his patients,he:
A) had an elaborate setting, with background music and flamboyantly dressed assistants, to enhance the effect of suggestibility.
B) did so only for demonstration purposes, because he believed no permanent cures could be effected by hypnosis.
C) proceeded very simply, first suggesting they would go to sleep, and then that their symptoms would disappear.
D) took advantage of the opportunity to explore their suppressed emotional life.
Q3) Those patients who responded most strongly to Mesmer's magnetic inductions:
A) passed quietly into a sleeplike trance.
B) demonstrated heightened physical powers and clairvoyance.
C) continued to behave in apparently normal ways.
D) often experienced violent and painful "crisis states."
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors
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Q1) A major figure who collaborated with Freud in developing the concept of defense mechanisms was:
A) Anna Freud.
B) Karen Horney.
C) Bertha Pappenheim.
D) Melanie Klein.
Q2) Freud's attitudes and writings on women were both controversial and paradoxical because:
A) he believed that men had weaker superegos than women, but also believed that men could be better psychoanalysts than women.
B) he believed that men and women had similar innate developmental processes, but that environmental forces and culture then caused women to have weaker superegos .
C) he believed that women had stronger superegos than men but despite this he supported his daughter's wish to become a psychoanalyst.
D) he believed that women had weaker superegos than men, but also supported their entry into the profession of psychoanalysis.
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13
Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Q1) Which of the following is a psychological approach that emphasizes the human need to overcome inferiority and achieve dominance,while still maintaining a sense of positive social interest
A) Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
B) Abraham Maslow's Humanistic Psychology
C) Kurt Goldstein's Gestalt Neuropsychology
D) Harry Harlow's Prosocial Psychology
Q2) Maslow classified which of the following as "being needs"?
A) self-actualization needs
B) love/belonging needs
C) esteem needs
D) all of the above
Q3) David McClelland and his colleagues measured the "needs" for affiliation,achievement,and power with which instrument?
A) the TAT
B) the Rorschach test
C) 16 PF test
D) the word association test
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Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) The idea of summarizing the result of children's intelligence test results by a "quotient," the ratio of mental age to chronological age,was first proposed by:
A) William Stern.
B) Lewis Terman.
C) Theodore Simon.
D) Charles Spearman.
Q2) After observing and comparing the behavior and test responses of his two daughters he characterized them as:
A) the "observer" and the "imaginer."
B) the "scientist" and the "artist."
C) the "introvert" and the "extrovert."
D) the "thinker" and the "feeler."
Q3) Piaget's work and theories had major impact on the development of all of the following areas except:
A) Cognitive psychology.
B) Educational psychology.
C) Developmental psychology.
D) Personality psychology.
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Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) What philosophical implications did the creation of the Pascaline have?
A) It challenged Descartes' assertion that only humans had the capacity for rational calculation.
B) It called Locke's theories about associationism into question.
C) It undercut Hobbes's argument that human reasoning was a form of mathematical calculation.
D) It caused Leibniz to be troubled by the thought of a machine that could calculate numbers better than a human being.
Q2) "Flashbulb memories" refer to:
A) vividly recalled memories of emotional events.
B) memories that may be wrong on the surface but right in a deeper sense.
C) memories that are photo-perfect replicas of past events.
D) a and b above
Q3) The term "von Neumann Architecture" refers to:
A) a computer design based on binary code.
B) a computer design using punched cards for introducing input.
C) a computer that performs parallel processing.
D) a computer designed to contain "stored programs."
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Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the
Workplace
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Q1) The variability hypothesis posited that:
A) men were more variable than women in their reactions to the levels of caffeine in Coca Cola.
B) men were more variable than women on both physical and psychological characteristics.
C) women were more variable than men on both physical and psychological characteristics.
D) both a and b above
Q2) In considering applied psychology and training requirements for psychology degrees today,the Psy.D or Doctor of Psychology degree differs from the PhD degree in what following way?
A) The Psy.D degree programs are more research focused.
B) The PhD degree programs more closely follow the scientist-practitioner model.
C) The PhD degree programs have more practical and professional training than research training.
D) The Psy.D degree programs more closely follow the scientist-practitioner model.
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