Foundations of Education Test Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Education explores the historical, philosophical, sociological, and psychological bases of education, offering students an understanding of how educational systems, policies, and practices have evolved over time. The course examines the purposes and roles of education in society, the influence of cultural and social factors on learning, and the impact of education on individuals and communities. Students will critically analyze major educational theories, the roles of teachers and learners, and contemporary issues in education, while developing foundational knowledge essential for further study and professional practice in the field of education.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development An Active Learning Approach 3rd Edition by Laura E. Levine
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15 Chapters
1303 Verified Questions
1303 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Issues and Themes in Child Development
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Promoting the optimal development of children and adolescents is a primary goal of professionals who work in the field of education.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Child therapy and family therapy are two ways to try to
A) prevent problems from developing.
B) address existing problems.
C) develop social policies that support children and families.
D) identify problems before they become serious.
Answer: B
Q3) The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky described learning as A) a collaborative process between the child and more experienced adults or peers.
B) something that others impose upon the child through the use of rewards and punishments.
C) the optimal fit between the characteristics of the child and the demands of the environment.
D) a child-directed process that is motivated by the child's internal drives.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to psychoanalytic theory, a person can be fixated at a stage because their needs were not adequately met at that stage or because they received so much gratification that the person is not willing to move on to another stage.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The idea that biological maturation operates in interaction with the environment and the experiences it provides to children comes from A) ethology.
B) sociobiology.
C) dynamic systems theory.
D) behavioral genomics.
Answer: C
Q3) John Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to demonstrate A) that infants could learn to salivate to the sound of a bell.
B) how classical conditioning could create fear in a human infant.
C) that reinforcement was more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment.
D) how quickly responses can be learned and then unlearned.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: How We Study Development
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77 Verified Questions
77 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following correlations is the strongest?
A) +.25
B) -.82
C) +.63
D) -.11
Answer: B
Q2) Because the participants who drop out of a longitudinal study are likely to be different in some ways from those who remain until the end of the study
A) the conclusions drawn from longitudinal studies are seldom reliable.
B) the sample that is initially representative becomes increasingly biased over time.
C) there will be a cohort effect upon the final results.
D) attrition will make the sample more representative over time.
Answer: B
Q3) When we use observations to conduct research
A) we are able to identify the causes of the behavior we observe.
B) we can be certain that we are seeing behavior as it naturally occurs.
C) it does not tell us directly about the causes of the behaviors we see.
D) they cannot help us to formulate new hypotheses that we can later test.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
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75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A male who has an extra X chromosome in the 23rd position will have A) cystic fibrosis.
B) Turner syndrome.
C) Kleinfelter syndrome.
D) Tay-Sachs disease.
Q2) What is canalization? Describe the difference between deeply canalized traits and not deeply canalized genes.
Q3) A child who has violent tendency may seek out and enjoy playing violent videogames. In this case we would describe the genes for this tendency as A) passive.
B) active.
C) evocative.
D) reactive.
Q4) Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of A) single gene disorders.
B) multifactorial inheritance.
C) chromosomal abnormalities.
D) mutations.
Q5) Explain why males are more vulnerable to certain genetic disorders than females.
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Chapter 5: Prenatal Development, the Newborn, and the
Transition to Parenthood
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is recommended that women who are HIV-positive do not breastfeed their infants because
A) the HIV virus is present in the mother's breast milk and can be passed to the infant this way.
B) most HIV-positive women cannot produce enough milk to successfully breastfeed their infants.
C) infants born to mothers with HIV are too weak to nurse and must be fed intravenously.
D) women with HIV need to devote so much time to their own health needs that they do not have time necessary to breastfeed.
Q2) Infants who are born smaller than the average for their gestational age are
A) more vulnerable to infections.
B) more difficult for the mother to deliver.
C) more likely to suffer from colic.
D) more likely to have genetic abnormalities.
Q3) Describe the function of the placenta. What is filtered through to the fetus from the mother's blood?
Q4) What are the three layers that form from the blastocyst and what does each layer become?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Physical Development: the Brain and the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain what the plasticity of infants' brains refers to. Why is it an advantage for human infants to have a brain that is "plastic"? Describe the process of synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning and how these strengthen the brain.
Q2) What is the myelin sheath and how does it relate to the cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions of motor skill development? Describe the sequence of motor milestones related to each direction.
Q3) Elbert et al. found that the area of the right side of the brain that controls the left hand has many more synaptic connections than the same area of the left side of the brain in violinists (because they constantly use the fingers of the left hand). What type of brain development explains why this occurs?
A) Experience-expectant brain development
B) Synaptogenesis brain development
C) Experience-dependent brain development
D) Myelination of the brain
Q4) The preservative used in the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine has been identified as a significant cause of autism.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Cognitive Development
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92 Verified Questions
92 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rehearsal becomes a more effective memory strategy when children learn to A) simply repeat the information they want to remember.
B) not overdo it, but rather to stop after a few repetitions.
C) connect the information they are learning to other related information.
D) retain information in sensory storage for a longer period of time.
Q2) In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of A) decentration.
B) scaffolding.
C) assimilation.
D) accommodation.
Q3) Infants habituate to stimuli they have experienced before and are attracted to novelty. Why is this adaptive for a child's development?
Q4) Piaget's theory says that there are qualitative differences in how children think that reflect their developmental level.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Name and describe Piaget's four stages of development.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence and Academic Achievement
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we say that intelligence is a characteristic that is not very deeply canalized, we mean that
A) whatever genes are inherited will determine the eventual outcome in terms of intelligence.
B) the estimate we get of an individual's intelligence will vary substantially from one time of testing to another.
C) the closer the genetic relationship between two individuals, the more similar their IQ scores will be.
D) whatever the genetic starting point, the environment will have a substantial impact on the eventual outcome.
Q2) Training on computer games based upon shapes and mental rotation has
A) been unable to reduce gender difference in spatial skills.
B) produced significant improvement in girls' performance on spatial skills tasks.
C) only been able to produce small, short-term improvement in spatial skills.
D) eliminated gender differences in how much boys and girls enjoy computer games.
Q3) What is creativity? Describe four ways that Robert Sternberg suggests to foster creative thinking in children.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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83 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maria's parents want her to continue to speak Spanish, even though they have lived in the United States for five years. The type of language that this refers to is called
A) whole language.
B) immersion language.
C) heritage language.
D) primary language.
Q2) Piaget describes children's inability to take the role of the person they are speaking to as
A) internal speech.
B) fast mapping.
C) private speech.
D) egocentric speech.
Q3) When Ted says "Mama go car," it is an example of A) holophrase.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) babbling.
D) abbreviated language.
Q4) Is there a critical period for language learning after which we are unable to learn language? Give evidence for your opinion.
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development and Attachment
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100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sabine has been going to a childcare center since she was three-months-old. At just about her first birthday she begins to cry when her mother leaves, even though she has not done so in the past nine months. How would Bowlby explain this change?
Q2) Describe why a child with a disorganized/disoriented attachment is likely to have the worst outcomes.
Q3) What area of the brain is hyperreactive in people with anxiety disorders?
A) The temporal lobes
B) The amygdala
C) The hypothalamus
D) The prefrontal cortex
Q4) One half preschool children who display higher levels of aggression no longer show these symptoms by the time they have entered school.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Preschool children think that you only need to feel guilty about something you do if someone else is there to see what happened.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Identity: the Self, Gender, and Moral Development
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89 Verified Questions
89 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Erikson, as children enter middle childhood they are dealing with the stage of
A) trust versus mistrust.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) identity versus role confusion.
Q2) Identical male twins are more likely to be similar in sexual preference than non-identical male twins.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Kohlberg's stages of gender development, what happens in the first stage?
A) Children understand that a girl will become an adult woman and a boy will become an adult man.
B) Children understand that a boy with long hair is still a boy and a girl with short hair is still a girl.
C) Children think that if a girl wears a tie, she might become a boy.
D) Children seek out information about what is appropriate for boys and girls to do and wear.
Q4) What role does social comparison play in self-concept in middle childhood?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Social Development: Social Cognition and Peer Relationships
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87 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A child who is sitting next to another child and playing with similar toys but who does not interact with that other child is engaging in
A) solitary independent play.
B) parallel play.
C) associative play.
D) disruptive play.
Q2) When a child prefers to play alone, rather than with other people, it A) is always a reason for concern because it is a good indicator of adjustment problems. B) can be for a number of reasons, some problematic but others not.
C) means that the child does not have a secure attachment relationship with parents. D) is associated with a diagnosis of autism.
Q3) Piaget believed that children stopped fantasy play when they began taking part in games with rules.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Write a letter to your local newspaper using research evidence to support the importance of recess for children's learning.
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Chapter 13: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Latino families, __________ is a cultural value that includes a strong desire to maintain family ties, to be loyal to the family, and to give the needs of the family priority over one's own needs, together with a belief that one's family will be available to provide instrumental and emotional support when it is needed.
A) respeto
B) educación
C) familismo
D) interactivo
Q2) What percentage of fathers stay at home to care for their home and family?
A) 5%
B) 12%
C) 21%
D) 32%
Q3) Give five pieces of advice to parents who are about to divorce to help them promote positive development of their children. Use research findings to support your ideas.
Q4) Explain how families have changed in the United States in the last 100 years.
Q5) Explain what open adoption is. Discuss the pros and cons of open adoption for adopted children.
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Chapter 14: Beyond Family and School: Activities, Media and
the Natural World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Online predators
A) often are guilty of forcible rape when they actually meet the teens they have been communicating with.
B) cultivate relationships with their victims over time to establish a trusting relationship. C) often know the children or teens they contact before they begin chatting or text messaging.
D) are usually looking for a romantic relationship with someone who understands them.
Q2) The body of research on media violence and aggression
A) consistently supports the idea that watching violence or playing violent video games promotes aggression.
B) continues to find mixed results that do not help us to understand the direction of the effect.
C) supports this relationship in short-term studies, but in longitudinal research the relationship is not clear.
D) finds that media violence increases aggressive emotions and thoughts, but does not actually affect behavior.
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Chapter 15: Health, Well-Being, and Resilience
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85 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about posttraumatic stress disorder in children is true?
A) Children who experience trauma are encouraged to get past the experience and not talk about it.
B) Preschoolers and children in kindergarten who experience trauma have a very high rate of expulsion and suspension from school.
C) The only way for children who have experienced trauma to be helped is through formal one-on-one counseling programs.
D) Children do not experience posttraumatic stress disorder.
Q2) The process of racial socialization involves
A) attempts to break down the negative perceptions of particular racial or ethnic groups.
B) legislation that targets discriminatory practices and imposes penalties for them.
C) efforts to bring children and adolescents from different racial and ethnic backgrounds together to work on collaborative projects.
D) parents teaching their children about discrimination and preparing them to deal with it.
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