Exercise Physiology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Exercise Physiology is the scientific study of how the body responds and adapts to physical activity, both acutely and chronically. This course explores the physiological mechanisms underlying muscle contraction, energy production, cardiovascular and respiratory function, and metabolic regulation during exercise. Students will examine how different types, intensities, and durations of exercise influence body systems, with a focus on enhancing athletic performance, promoting health, and understanding the physiological basis of training and conditioning programs. The course also addresses the impact of age, gender, nutrition, and environmental factors on exercise performance and recovery.
Recommended Textbook
Vanders Human Physiology 15th Edition by Eric P. Widmaier Dr
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Chapter 1: Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic" means that it
A)has varied from the normal value,and will remain constant at the new value.
B)never varies from an exact set point value.
C)is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value.
D)is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.
E)has no normal range,but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions.
Answer: D
Q2) What is the best description of the efferent pathway of a reflex arc?
A)Signals from the integrating center to receptors
B)The route by which receptors send signals to effectors
C)Signaling pathway for receptors to influence the integrating center
D)The route by which effector organs send signals to receptors
E)The route by which signals from an integrating center reach effector organs
Answer: E
Q3) ________ is the term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell.
Answer: Autocrine
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body and Its
Relation to Physiology
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Q1) Substitution of one amino acid for a different one in a given protein always significantly alters the conformation of that protein.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as the secondary structure.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The majority of the molecules in the human body are polar.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Estrogen is a steroid hormone,therefore it will readily dissolve through a lipid bilayer. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In order to break up the molecules that compose the cell membrane,you need to
A)break covalent bonds among the phospholipid molecules.
B)break hydrogen bonds among the phospholipid molecules.
C)break covalent bonds between the phospholipid molecules and proteins.
D)break hydrogen bonds between the phospholipid molecules and proteins.
E)disrupt the organization of polar and non-polar regions of the phospholipids.
Answer: E
Q3) Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A)Sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell
B)Modifying proteins destined for secretion
C)Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
D)Addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins
E)Transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Movement of Solutes and Water Across Cell
Membranes
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Q1) Substance X is a mostly polar molecule and Substance Y is a mostly non-polar molecule of a similar size.Which will diffuse from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid faster if they are in equal concentrations outside and inside the cell?
A)Substance X will diffuse faster.
B)Substance Y will diffuse faster.
C)Substance X and Substance Y will diffuse at the same rate,as they are of equal size and concentration.
Q2) The concentration of calcium in the cytosol of most resting cells is very much lower than the concentration of extracellular calcium.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Although permeability to mineral ions does not vary much from one cell to another,different cells vary considerably in their permeability to nonpolar molecules.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Cell Signalling in Physiology
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Q1) Some glucose transport proteins can also bind fructose,another six-carbon monosaccharide,but not lycine,an amino acid,because transport proteins exhibit ________ for their ligands.
A)saturation
B)competition
C)affinity
D)affiliation
E)specificity
Q2) Researchers have found that enkephalin receptors are upregulated in cocaine addicts when compared to non-users.It is likely that the action of cocaine
A)increases enkephalin in the brain.
B)decreases enkephalin in the brain.
C)increases enkephalin's affinity for its receptor.
D)is an agonist to the enkephalin receptor.
Q3) First messengers may bind to a membrane receptor that is an ion channel,which promotes a change in membrane polarity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the
Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inside a neuron,calcium binding sites are likely found on A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
B)kinesin proteins.
C)proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.
D)dyenin proteins.
E)lysosomal proteins.
Q2) Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A genetic mutation that results in faulty SNARE receptor protein complexes would have only very mild effects on the nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The heart is linked to the brain by neurons that belong to the A)afferent division of the nervous system.
B)sympathetic nervous system.
C)parasympathetic nervous system.
D)somatic motor nervous system.
E)autonomic nervous system.
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Chapter 7: Sensory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Opponent color ganglion cells that respond to blue light by increasing their rate of firing will respond to yellow light by decreasing their rate of firing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In an individual with macular degeneration,night vision would be impaired.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The sensation of itch is communicated to the brain on dedicated itch receptors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A tone caused by striking one of the lowest notes on a piano keyboard will cause vibration of the basilar membrane at a point closer to the helicotrema than to the oval window.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The process by which sensory receptors change various forms of energy into electrical energy is called translation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
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Q1) Selective attention is facilitated,enhanced,and improved by way of the ________ of the brainstem,which acts as the origin point of neurons,which project to the cerebral cortex and release ________ neurotransmitter(s).
A)pons,acetylcholine
B)basal nuclei,dopamine
C)hypothalamus,serotonin
D)locus ceruleus,norepinephrine
E)thalamus,melatonin
Q2) A brainstem nucleus that is strongly implicated in the mechanism for selective attention is the locus ceruleus.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sleep deprivation is an effective method of torture because it will not affect memory retention or retrieval.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sleep-wake cycles are produced by interactions of nuclei in the brainstem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Muscle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Being able to generate more force with a muscle could include variations in motor unit recruitment or muscle cell hypertrophy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is FALSE regarding single-unit smooth muscle cells?
A)They have an individual neuron innervating each individual smooth-muscle cell.
B)They have many gap junctions between cells.
C)They may have pacemaker activity.
D)They may respond to stretch by contracting.
E)They exhibit tone.
Q3) Ca² or any other positive ion can enable cross-bridge cycling to begin.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The name given to the repeating functional units that cause striations in a skeletal muscle myofibril is "sarcomere."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Control Body Movement
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Q1) What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?
A)They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in antagonistic muscles.
B)They detect painful stimuli within tendons and inhibit gamma motor neurons to intrafusal muscle fibers in muscles attached to those tendons.
C)They detect the angle of joints,and thus provide proprioceptive inputs about the position of the limbs in space.
D)They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons.
E)They stimulate the ends of intrafusal muscle fibers,ensuring that sensory information about muscle length is provided,even when a muscle shortens rapidly.
Q2) Inhibitory input to motor neurons is as important for normal muscle function as excitatory input.
A)True
B)False
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12
Chapter 11: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which correctly lists a function of estrogens in females and testosterone in males?
A)They prevent the pubertal growth spurt.
B)They are responsible for epiphyseal plate closure.
C)They stimulate the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
D)They stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH).
E)They stimulate the reabsorption of bone.
Q2) Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary are synthesized in neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary by axonal transport.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is the concentration of a hormone in plasma determined?
A)Only by its rate of secretion
B)By the number of its target cells in the body
C)Only by its rate of synthesis
D)By its secretion and clearance rates,and whether or not it binds to carriers and/or other plasma proteins
E)Only by the rate of its degradation by the liver and kidneys
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Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart
A)the left ventricle ejects a larger volume of blood with each systole than the right ventricle.
B)the intrinsic rate of the heart's pacemaker is 100 beats/min.
C)cardiac output increases with increased heart rate.
D)stroke volume increases with increased venous return.
E)both ventricles contract simultaneously.
Q2) Jane donates a pint of blood to a blood bank.A few minutes later,which of the following would be increased compared to pre-donation values?
A)Heart rate
B)Total peripheral resistance
C)Mean arterial pressure
D)Cardiac output
E)Hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
Q3) The myocardial cells receive their blood supply from the coronary arteries that branch off from the aorta.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Respiratory Physiology
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Q1) The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the inspiratory muscles are dependent upon spontaneous depolarizations of the diaphragm.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary surfactant is TRUE?
A)It is secreted by type I alveolar cells.
B)It increases the compliance of the lungs.
C)It increases airway resistance.
D)It is secreted into the intrapleural space.
E)It can only interact with other lipid molecules.
Q3) Non-respiratory functions of the lungs include acting as "filters" for removing certain chemicals and blood clots.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One cause of hypoxic hypoxia in disease is diffusion impairment of O resulting from decreased alveolar surface area.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
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Q1) In which of the following ways do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis?
A)Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity
B)Regulation of systemic pH
C)Regulation of blood glucose concentration
D)Regulation of blood pressure
E)Recycling of old red blood cells
F)Secretion of cholesterol
Q2) If damage to the glomerular capillaries resulted in significantly enlarged capillary pores in the endothelial lining,GFR would decrease.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A misguided athlete ingests a large amount of dietary K+ because she thinks it will boost muscle performance.Instead,the majority of this extra K+ is secreted into filtrate and excreted in the urine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Water,sodium,and glucose all undergo tubular reabsorption,but urea does not.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Digestion and Absorption of Food
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Q1) Which is NOT true about receptors that mediate digestive reflexes?
A)They are located in the gastrointestinal tract wall.
B)They include chemoreceptors,osmoreceptors,and mechanoreceptors.
C)They may relay information to integrative centers in the CNS or to the enteric plexuses.
D)They may be endocrine cells.
E)They only activate feedforward pathways.
Q2) Lactose intolerance is caused by an amylase deficiency.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following would be most likely to cause metabolic alkalosis?
A)Severe vomiting
B)Severe diarrhea
C)Hyperventilation
D)Strenuous exercise
E)Hypoventilation
Q4) Neural regulation of digestive processes is accomplished exclusively by the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance
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Q1) Sarah is a type 1 diabetic who forgot to bring insulin with her today.Which of the following will be TRUE of Sarah?
A)Her muscle and adipose tissue cells will not be able to take up as much glucose from the bloodstream.
B)Her brain cells will not be able to take up as much glucose from the bloodstream.
C)Her muscle cells will not be able to take up as many amino acids from the bloodstream.
D)Her liver will not breakdown glycogen.
E)None of these will occur.
Q2) Which correctly describes an action of the hormone insulin?
A)It increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue cells.
B)It is required for the uptake and utilization of glucose by nervous tissue.
C)It decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells.
D)It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
E)It inhibits the action of lipoprotein lipase in the capillaries of adipose tissue.
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Chapter 17: Reproduction
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Q1) Increasing circulating levels of inhibin would result in fewer gametes available for fertilization in both sexes.
A)True B)False
Q2) Cervical mucus secreted under the influence of estrogen alone is clear and non-viscous,while that secreted under the influence of progesterone is thick and sticky.
A)True B)False
Q3) With respect to hormonal control and secretion,theca cells in the ovary are analogous to Leydig cells in the testis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Atresia of all but the dominant follicle is in part a result of the diminished secretion of FSH during the second week of the follicular phase.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 18: The Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) HIV infection can be stalled with the use of powerful antibiotics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Chemotaxis
A)refers to the chemical attraction of neutrophils to a site of inflammation.
B)is important only for innate immune responses.
C)is important only for adaptive immune responses.
D)refers to the engulfing of microbes and foreign molecules by macrophages.
E)refers to dilation of blood vessels by chemicals released by damaged tissue cells.
Q3) In a patient receiving a bone marrow transplant which of the following cell types will be genetically dissimilar than the patient's own cells?
A)Neutrophils
B)Basophils
C)Monocytes
D)Endothelial cells
E)Thymus tissue cells
Q4) Bone marrow is the primary site of B lymphocyte maturation.
A)True
B)False
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