European History II
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
European History II examines the major political, social, economic, and cultural developments in Europe from the French Revolution to the present day. The course explores significant events such as the rise and fall of empires, the impact of industrialization, the world wars, the Cold War, European integration, and the ongoing challenges facing the continent. Through analysis of primary sources and scholarly interpretations, students gain a deeper understanding of the forces that have shaped modern Europe, as well as the lasting effects of historical change on contemporary European society.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization Volume II Since 1500 9th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth
Century
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Q1) What role did religion play in the wars of the sixteenth century?
Answer: Religion played a significant role in the wars of the sixteenth century, particularly in Europe. The Protestant Reformation, which began in the early 16th century, led to religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. These conflicts, such as the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War, were fueled by religious differences and power struggles between the Catholic Church and the emerging Protestant movements.
Religious beliefs were often used as a justification for military action, and many rulers and leaders sought to expand their influence and control by promoting their own religious beliefs. The wars of the sixteenth century were also marked by persecution and violence against religious minorities, as both Catholics and Protestants sought to assert their dominance.
Overall, religion was a driving force behind many of the conflicts and wars of the sixteenth century, shaping political alliances, military strategies, and the lives of countless individuals caught up in the turmoil. The impact of these religious wars was profound and far-reaching, shaping the course of European history for centuries to come.
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Chapter 2: Europe and the World: New Encounters
1500-1800
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Q1) Who was the Italian merchant whose tales of the court of Kublai Khan were popular in medieval Europe?
A)Daniel Defoe
B)Amerigo Vespucci
C)Marco Polo
D)Leonardo Bruni
E)Jacques Cour
Answer: C
Q2) Which European nation took over the spice trade from Portugal?
A)Venice
B)England
C)Spain
D)France
E)The Dutch Republic
Answer: E
Q3) Portuguese ships in the Indian Ocean usually had no cannons.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) Who was the greatest figure of Baroque art?
A)Rembrandt van Rijn
B)Gian Lorenzo Bernini
C)El Greco
D)Nicholas Poussin
E)David Caspar Friedrich
Answer: B
Q2) Which Baroque painter used violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes, dramatic use of light and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his paintings?
A)Rembrandt van Rijn
B)Gian Lorenzo Bernini
C)El Greco
D)Artemisia Gentileschi
E)Peter Paul Rubens
Answer: E
Q3) The Spanish defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.
Q2) What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau mean by the "general will"? What kind of government did he advocate?
Q3) What is the main idea of deism?
A)It posits that religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B)It suggests that if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C)It argues that God created the universe, but has no direct involvement in it.
D)It suggests that a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E)It argues that praying matters.
Q4) How did the Enlightenment contribute to changes in European judicial systems?
Q5) What was the main purpose of the Encyclopedia, according to Diderot?
A)To get the uneducated masses to respect authority
B)To usher in God's kingdom on earth
C)To dispute the claims of science
D)To exacerbate the hedonism of his peers
E)To change the general way of thinking
Q6) What role did the salon hostess play in the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas?
Page 6
Q7) Compare and contrast baroque and Rococo art and architecture.
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Chapter 5: The Eighteenth Century: European States
International Wars and Social Change
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Q1) The family was at the heart of Europe's social organization in the eighteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Enlightenment thinkers, what were the fundamental privileges that must not be withheld from any person?
A)Common laws
B)Noble duties
C)Natural rights
D)Basic laws
E)Human obligations
Q3) Louis XV of France saw himself as an example of enlightened absolutism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?
A)They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city.
B)They were decreasing dramatically in population.
C)They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.
D)They were becoming more democratic in their government.
E)They were becoming politically and legally independent of monarchial control.
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Chapter 6: A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French
Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guarantee?
A)Free or affordable food for the poor
B)Equality under the law for all French men
C)Equality under the law for all French men and women
D)Equality for all regardless of race
E)The right to vote for all French men
Q2) Napoleon Bonaparte was born in ____ in 1769.
A)Paris
B)Corsica
C)Madrid
D)Sicily
E)Hamburg
Q3) How did the French revolutionary government deal with the issue of slavery?
Q4) What best describes the French economy of the eighteenth century?
A)The economy grew, but also experienced periodic crises.
B)The economy was stagnant due to foreign competition in industry and trade.
C)The economy declined rapidly due to overuse of arable land.
D)The economy was based largely on the silk industry.
E)The economy was entirely based upon agricultural production.
Q5) What conditions facilitated Napoleon's rise to power?
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Chapter 7: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) What was one of the differences between British and Continental industrialization?
A)The government played a larger role in British industrialization.
B)Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
C)The government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
D)Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain.
E)Continental industrialization began much earlier than British industrialization.
Q2) What did Richard Trevithick pioneer in 1804?
A)An oil-fired locomotive
B)The steering wheel for trains
C)The first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line
D)The first electric-powered locomotive for military use
E)The motion-picture camera
Q3) What were working conditions like for factory workers in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Q4) railroads
Q5) interchangeable parts
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Chapter 8: Reaction Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850
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Q1) Which author is associated with Gothic literature?
A)Ralph Waldo Emerson
B)Thomas Carlyle
C)Edgar Allan Poe
D)Herman Melville
E)Henry David Thoreau
Q2) By the end of Andrew Jackson's presidency,
A)the United States had made significant strides towards equal rights for women.
B)fewer than one in twenty Americans could read.
C)the United States was on the brink of civil war.
D)the United States was an industrial power.
E)almost all adult white males could vote.
Q3) Why was Charles X overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution?
A)He got involved in one too many sordid scandals.
B)He issued a series of edicts that restrained the rights of citizens.
C)He was a victim of a vicious smear campaign by opponents.
D)He refused to convert to the Catholic faith.
E)He embezzled money meant to build churches.
Q4) What were the causes and consequences of the revolutions of 1830?
Q5) What ideas and beliefs united the early socialists?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: An Age of Nationalism and Realism 1850-1871
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Q1) What was a result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War?
A)The incorporation of Austria into the North German Confederation
B)A harsh treaty against Austria that reduced it to a second-rate power
C)The Prussian liberals' disgust over Bismarck's unscrupulous policies
D)The exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation
E)The immediate establishment of the German Empire
Q2) Bismarck is best seen as a
A)realist.
B)romantic.
C)war monger.
D)classical liberal.
E)republican idealist.
Q3) Which country did Piedmont align with during the Italian War of 1859?
A)Russia
B)England
C)Austria
D)Prussia
E)France
Q4) How would you explain Britain's relative political stability in the second half of the nineteenth century?
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Chapter
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Q1) What occurred in a cartel?
A)A vertically integrated company worked to monopolize all business in its industry.
B)Independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas.
C)Independent associations of grocers cooperated to artificially drive down prices.
D)Private militias orchestrated intelligence gathering to diminish the police powers of modern nation states.
E)Dependent enterprises worked with an overseeing organization to lower tariffs.
Q2) By 1900, ____ workers were enrolled in British trade unions.
A)2,000
B)20,000
C)200,000
D)2 million
E)20 million
Q3) Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families. How do you explain the similarities and the differences?
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Chapter 11: An Age of Modernity Anxiety and Imperialism
1894-1914
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Q1) Mutsuhito was
A)the first Japanese person to visit the United States.
B)an author, painter, and poet.
C)a peasant farmer who led the Meiji forces.
D)a political radical.
E)the first Meiji emperor.
Q2) Who won the Noble Peace Prize in 1905?
A)Amalie Sieveking
B)Emmeline Pankhurst
C)Bertha von Suttner
D)Maria Montessori
E)Clara Barton
Q3) With what artistic movement was Camille Pissarro associated?
A)Expressionism
B)Romanticism
C)Post-Impressionism
D)Impressionism
E)Dadaism
Q4) Compare and contrast the responses of China and Japan to European and American imperialism?
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Chapter 12: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) The United States entered the war on the side of the Allies in 1915.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What did the United States Senate vote to do after World War I?
A)Forgive the war loans to England and France
B)Reject the Versailles Treaty that Wilson had negotiated
C)Join and actively participate in the League of Nation
D)Occupy northern Mexico in retaliation for the Zimmerman Telegram
E)Form a military alliance with England, France, and Russia
Q3) French military leaders refused to let African soldiers fight on the western front.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What most accurately describes the Russian army between 1914 and 1917?
A)It was well armed.
B)It was poorly led.
C)It was smaller than the armies of the other great powers.
D)It went from victory to victory.
E)It was highly professional.
Q5) Why did the Allies eventually prevail over the Central Powers?
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Chapter 13: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) How did nationalist movements shape developments in the Middle East, India, and Africa between World War I and World War II?
Q2) Which Middle Eastern Muslim nation made a conscious effort to adopt Western secular culture after World War I?
A)Egypt
B)Iraq
C)Saudi Arabia
D)Palestine
E)Turkey
Q3) What development disrupted the hope for the spread of political democracy?
A)The decline of the potential voting population
B)The Great Depression
C)The rise of authoritarian regimes
D)The re-emergence of monarchies
E)The failure of the League of Nations
Q4) No nation was hit harder by the Great Depression than Britain.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
Q5) What were Stalin's economic goals? How did he go about trying to achieve them?
Q6) How did radio and movies contribute to the development of mass culture?
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Chapter 14: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War 2
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Q1) How many Jews were killed by Nazi Germany during World War II?
A)Between 9 and 10 million
B)Between 1 and 2 million
C)Between 5 and 6 million
D)Between 12 and 13 million
E)Between 2 and 3 million
Q2) Why did the United States decide to use atomic weapons against Japan? In your opinion, was the use of atomic weapons justified?
Q3) Roughly how many German civilians were killed in Allied bombing raids?
A)500,000
B)25,000
C)1.5 million
D)3 million
E)10.5 million
Q4) Which nation experienced the greatest loss of life in World War II?
A)Soviet Union
B)Nazi German
C)United States
D)Great Britain
E)France
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Chapter
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Q1) What was the Truman Doctrine? How did it shape U.S. foreign policy?
Q2) What did Wladyslaw Gomulka do in Poland in 1956?
A)He worked with the Soviets to crush a nascent independence movement.
B)He declared his nation's right to follow its own socialist path.
C)He tried to assassinate Nikita Khrushchev.
D)He started an underground newspaper dedicated to fascism.
E)He ordered the construction of a wall separating Poland from the Soviet Union.
Q3) What event led Charles de Gaulle to withdraw from politics?
A)He was discredited by his links with the Communists.
B)The United States wanted France out of Indochina.
C)Radical union leaders constantly harassed him.
D)He believed the Fourth Republic had become weak.
E)He wanted to become king.
Q4) Kwame Nkrumah formed the first African political party in sub-Saharan Africa.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast the struggle for independence in Algeria and Ghana. How would you explain the differences you note?
Q6) What did Mao hope to achieve with the Great Leap Forward? Why was it such a disaster?
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Chapter 16: Protest and Stagnation: the Western World
1965-1985
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Q1) Which of these modern technologies was actually created during World War II?
A)Latex
B)The computer
C)Chemical fertilizer
D)The microwave
E)The radio
Q2) In the early 1970s the European Community expanded with Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark becoming member states.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Student radicalism in the 1960s was motivated by all of these reasons EXCEPT A)the Vietnam War.
B)Western society's growing materialism.
C)fear of becoming a cog in Western society's bureaucracies.
D)desire for more democratic decision-making within universities.
E)demand for sexual freedom on campuses.
Q4) Taking into consideration the entire spectrum of human affairs, what was Western Civilization's greatest challenge between 1965 and 1985? Why do you think this was more challenging than other important issues of the day?
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Chapter 17: After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) After becoming Russia's president in 1999, Vladimir Putin made it his mission to
A)decentralize power within the Russian government.
B)strengthen the role of the central government.
C)establish an independent Chechnyan government.
D)promote a more open exchange with the media.
E)raise taxes on the wealthiest members of society and stimulate the economy.
Q2) George W. Bush called terrorism "the enemy of our generation."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Where did the United States initially wage war in the immediate aftermath of 9/11?
A)Iraq
B)Persian Gulf
C)Iran
D)Pakistan
E)Afghanistan
Q4) The rapid collapse of the Soviet Union was due the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev.
A)True
B)False
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