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European Civilization traces the major political, social, religious, intellectual, and cultural developments that have shaped Europe from antiquity to the present. The course examines foundational events and movements such as the rise of classical Greece and Rome, the medieval Christian tradition, the Renaissance and Reformation, Enlightenment thought, revolutions, the development of nation-states, and the impact of the World Wars. It also explores the ways in which European ideas, institutions, and conflicts have influenced global history. Through critical analysis of primary sources and scholarly interpretations, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors that have forged contemporary European identity and its ongoing legacy.
Recommended Textbook
The Western Heritage Combined Volume 11th Edition by Donald M. Kagan
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Q1) ________ is the belief in one universal God,the creator and ruler of the universe.
Answer: Monotheism
Q2) The archaeological findings at Neolithic Jericho and Çatal Höyük suggest that the
A)settlement patterns of this period were characterized by upheaval
B)settlement patterns of this period were markedly similar
C)use of fortifications was widespread
D)settlement patterns of this period may be more complicated than previously inferred
Answer: D
Q3) Which of these describes the cultural relationship between the Medes and Persians?
A)The two groups prayed to different gods,yet had the same religious philosophy.
B)The two groups were allies under the Babylonians and continued to be so.
C)The two groups were so similar in language and customs that the Greeks used both names interchangeably.
D)The two groups were of the same size and were formed at exactly the same time.
Answer: C
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Q1) Although Greek ships were fewer and slower than Persian ships,the Greeks won a decisive sea battle by ________.
A)staying out of sight and making sudden surprise attacks
B)placing combat soldiers,instead of supplies,on their ships
C)employing Archimedes-style weapons that reached great distances
D)strategizing to follow then attack the Persians from behind
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following correctly identifies the four classes in Homeric society?
A)Mycenaeans,Minoans,slaves,and nobles
B)nobles,shepherds,thetes,and indentured servants
C)knights,landless laborers,thetes,and shepherds
D)nobles,thetes,landless laborers,and slaves
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following was a result of the First Messenian War?
A)Messenians were reduced to the status of serfs.
B)Spartans were reduced to the status of serfs.
C)Messenians did not need to work the land that supported them.
D)Spartans lost land to the Messenians.
Answer: A
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Q1) When the great Theban general ________ was killed at the Battle of Mantinea,Theban dominance died with him.
Answer: Epaminondas
Q2) The acquisition of the Greek state of ________ by Philip of Macedon gave him control of gold and silver mines and allowed him to undermine Athenian control of the northern Aegean.
A)Amphipolis
B)Thasos
C)Lemnos
D)Lesbos
Answer: A
Q3) The ________ brought an end to Sparta's expansion in Asia and caused the eventual destruction of its maritime empire.
A)Peloponnesian War
B)Corinthian War
C)Theban War
D)Punic War
Answer: B
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Q1) Because they suspected the Senate was taking bribes from Jugurtha,king of Numidia,________ elected Marius to the consulship and assigned him to defeat Jugurtha.
A)equestrians
B)senators
C)the consuls
D)the assembly
Q2) Compare the First and Second Triumvirates.Which was more effective? Why? What led to the dissolution of each?
Q3) ________ defeated Rome in battle multiple times but lost his war when Carthage was attacked in his absence.
Q4) The geographical location of Rome influenced the Republic's political decisions.Explain how,giving at least two examples.
Q5) After overthrowing their king,the Roman elite established their state as a ________.
Q6) No one considers themselves a villain of their own history.How would Julius Caesar tell his story? How would the conspirators who assassinated him explain their side of the story?
Q7) Was Rome part of the Hellenistic world? Support your answer with details.
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Q1) In 311,Galerius issued the Edict of Toleration,permitting Christian worship.He was perhaps influenced by ________.
A)divination at Delphi
B)his Christian wife
C)Jewish advisors
D)Christian music
Q2) Valentinian I divided the empire in two and appointed his brother Valens as ruler of the east.The two sides became increasingly separate,as ________ was spoken in the west and ________ in the east.
A)Greek;Turkish
B)Greek;Latin
C)Italian;Latin
D)Latin;Greek
Q3) The Circus Maximus's racing companies called factiones and gambling were all elements of one of the Romans' favorite entertainments,________ racing.
Q4) Constantine moved his court to Constantinople (modern Istanbul).What were the consequences of removing the Roman Emperor from Rome itself? Can you defend the move? Why or why not?
Q5) Jesus of Nazareth was named christos by his followers,meaning "________."
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Q1) Charlemagne developed the intellectual center of Aachen to patronize scholars and promote classical and Christian education.One result of his efforts was ________.
A)the Lord's Prayer
B)a new design for furniture,attaching a desk to a chair
C)the Carolingian sect of Christian monks
D)Carolingian minuscule,a style of handwriting
Q2) The Visigoths were pressured to invade the western Roman Empire by ________.
A)a drought and other odd weather patterns that disrupted traditional agriculture
B)Huns invading Visigoth territory
C)manipulative administrators in the eastern empire
D)a population boom
Q3) How did agriculture in Europe change in the early Middle Ages? What were the demographic consequences of this change?
Q4) St.Cyril and his brother developed the Cyrillic alphabet,which was used for the written language of the ________.
Q5) As part of their argument about their superior position,bishops from Rome cited Jesus's words to the apostle ________ in the Gospel of Matthew.
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Q1) The English ________ limited autocratic behavior and secured the rights of the privileged against the monarchy.
Q2) Pope ________ established the College of Cardinals in 1059.
A)Leo IX
B)Stephen IX
C)Otto I
D)Nicholas II
Q3) Who was responsible for bringing an end to the Hohenstaufen dynasty?
A)Louis IX
B)Frederick II
C)Charles of Anjou
D)Philip II Augustus
Q4) During his reign,Pope Innocent gave official sanction to two new monastic orders: ________.
A)Augustinians and Jesuits
B)Franciscans and Dominicans
C)Albigensians and Dominicans
D)Dominicans and Waldensians

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Q5) ________ were the least secularized and most spiritual of the church's clergy.
Q6) What factors influenced the move from Romanesque to Gothic art and architecture?
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Q1) The church forbade Jews from hiring ________ or having any public authority over them.
A)merchants
B)Muslims
C)Christians
D)serfs
Q2) Which of these is true of children in the Middle Ages?
A)Toys were uncommon.
B)Infanticide was practiced only by eastern Europeans.
C)Parents preferred small families of two or three children.
D)Children never went to school.
Q3) How did economic and intellectual change introduce challenges to the traditional concept of medieval society? How did elites respond to these challenges?
Q4) Unlike the pure serfdom of the servile manors,whose tenants had no original claim to be part of the land,the tenancy obligations on free manors tended to be ________,and the tenants' rights more carefully defined.
Q5) The first important Western university,established by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158,was in ________.
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Q1) Discuss the roles of John Huss and John Wycliffe in the lay religious movements that were disavowed by the late medieval church.Why might the church feel threatened by these movements? What explains their response?
Q2) The Black Death refers to ________.
A)the famine that occurred from 1315 to 1317
B)a virulent plague that struck fourteenth-century Europe
C)a disease transmitted through African slaves
D)the collapse of the European economy in the fourteenth century
Q3) Among the social and economic consequences of the bubonic plague was a ________.
A)rise in agricultural prices
B)decline in the price of luxury and manufactured goods
C)shrunken labor supply
D)rise in value of the estates of the nobility
Q4) The broadest social division in eleventh-century Russia was between ________.
A)freemen and slaves
B)clergy and principality
C)peasants and townspeople
D)army officers and freemen

Page 12
Q5) After ____________ fell to the Turks in 1453,Moscow became,in Russian eyes,the "third Rome."
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Q1) The ________ greatly helped reduce the need to go to war and allowed increased control over the enemy.
A)use of despotism
B)art of diplomacy
C)hiring of mercenaries
D)purchase of enemy territory
Q2) One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by ________.
A)elaborating Scholastic theology
B)editing the works of the Church Fathers
C)issuing a new edition of Abelard's works
D)pleasing church authorities
Q3) In detail,describe the impact of the printing press.What economic,social,religious,and political movements did this invention stir? Some would argue that the invention of the printing press had as intense an impact in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the invention of the Internet in late twentieth century.In your opinion,which had a more sweeping effect on all aspects of society? Explain.
Q4) A(n)________ is the formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians.
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Q1) Explain how an uprising,such as the Peasants' Revolt,and the social and economic conditions that gave rise to it,could be viewed as the major historical force in early modern history.Pay special attention to the nature of the peasants' demands and what issues they chose to emphasize.
Q2) The peasants of Germany and Switzerland heard the promise of political __________ and social betterment in the Protestant sermon and pamphlet.
Q3) For what is Ulrich Zwingli known?
A)He was the leader of the Swiss Reformation.
B)He called the Marburg Colloquy.
C)He was the hero of the Swiss Civil War.
D)He spread Luther's ideas in SwitzerlanD.
Q4) Luther's response to the German Peasants' Revolt proved that his reforms were
A)religious,not social
B)aimed at all facets of German culture and society
C)limited to Germany
D)more radical than most contemporaries thought
Q5) Shakespeare wrote during the _________ Age.
Q6) The address On Improving the Studies of the Young was written by _______.
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Q1) In the second half of the sixteenth century,Germany was an almost ungovernable land of about 360 ______________ political entities.
Q2) Henry IV converted to Catholicism,motivated by ________.
A)faith
B)expediency
C)fear of Catholic power
D)a guarantee he had made to the pope
Q3) By 1609,Palatine Calvinists headed a Protestant defensive alliance against Spain with assistance from which of the following nations?
A)England,France,and Germany
B)Belgium,France,and Germany
C)Denmark,France,and the Netherlands
D)England,France,and the Netherlands
Q4) Which analogy is most accurate?
A)Bavaria is to the Catholic as the Palatinate is to Protestantism.
B)Belgium is to the Catholic as England is to the Calvinist.
C)Italy is to Counter-Reformation as Germany is to Anglican.
D)France is to the Catholic as Prussia is to the Calvinist.
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Q1) Who were the supporters of Charles I and Parliament in England's 1642-1646 civil war?
A)the Roundheads and the Cavaliers,respectively
B)the Cavaliers and the Roundheads,respectively
C)the Puritans and Anglicans,respectively
D)the Reds and the Whites,respectively
Q2) The economy of the Netherlands in the seventeenth century can be described as
A)strong and diverse
B)weak and in decline
C)strictly agrarian
D)limited to manufacturing industries
Q3) The chief feature of eighteenth-century French political life was ________.
A)Louis XIV's lack of leadership
B)the failure of the nobility to dominate the Parliament
C)the protest by the peasantry to gain more influence and representation in Parliament
D)the attempt of the nobility to use its authority to limit the power of the monarchy
Q4) The Glorious Revolution placed _________ on the English throne.
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Q1) Who is known as the father of empiricism?
A)Isaac Newton
B)Francis Bacon
C)Johannes Kepler
D)Galileo Galilei
Q2) Baroque painters depicted their subjects in a thoroughly _____________,rather than an idealized,manner.
Q3) The most elaborative baroque monument to political absolutism was ________.
A)Pope Urban VIII's tabernacle in Rome
B)Charles I's palace in London
C)Louis XIV's palace at Versailles
D)Franz Joseph's palace in Vienna
Q4) The scope of witchcraft persecutions showed that _________.
A)the Catholic Church was losing its power
B)the Protestant Reformation had run its course
C)the wars of religion were over
D)belief in witchcraft was common
Q5) Traditional beliefs and superstitions remained solidly in place in the culture and led to the eruption of panics and ________ in almost every Western land.
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Q1) Women were particularly vulnerable to disease and death resulting from
A)puerperal fever
B)meningitis
C)smallpox
D)typhoid
Q2) How were Jewish children singled out for persecution?
A)Their goods were confiscated.
B)They could not go to school.
C)They were not permitted to follow their religious traditions.
D)They could be taken from their homes and given Christian instruction.
Q3) Which analogy makes an accurate connection?
A)Watt to the steam engine
B)Wedgwood to the spinning jenny
C)Colt to new marketing techniques
D)Jethro Tull to porcelain dishes
Q4) At considerable ________ cost,industrialization made possible the production of more goods and services than ever before in human history.
Q5) Artisans in cities organized themselves into groups called ________.
Q6) Nearly all French peasants were subject to certain feudal dues called ________. Page 19
Q7) The Russians brutally suppressed the peasant rebellion called ________.
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Q1) The ________ Movement was a popular attempt to establish an extra-legal institution to reform the government in Great Britain.
Q2) The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brought the official end to ________.
Q3) What was the reaction of the American colonists to the Quebec Act?
A)The Americans regarded the Quebec Act as an attempt to prevent their mode of self-government from spreading beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
B)The Americans felt that the Quebec Act would support their political plans.
C)The Americans were threatened by the Quebec Act because it allied France to the Native Americans.
D)The Americans embraced the Quebec Act as a precedent for resisting Britain.
Q4) What was the British motivation for passing the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?
A)Britain wanted to exert authority over the unruly colonists.
B)Britain needed to raise money to pay its debts.
C)Britain was losing money on sugar and legal papers.
D)The British Parliament was feeling pressure from citizens to force more contributions from the colonists.
Q5) A fundamental element in the first two periods of European imperial ventures in the Americas was the presence of ________.
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Q1) The ________ of France believed that mercantilist legislation and the regulation of labor by governments and guilds actually hampered the expansion of trade,manufacture,and agriculture.
Q2) The philosophes generally ________.
A)advocated fundamental changes in the social condition of women
B)believed women to be socially equal but not politically equal to men
C)said little about women
D)were not avid feminists
Q3) What was the impact of works such as Diderot's Encyclopedia? To what extent did it democratize education?
Q4) ________ published On Crimes and Punishments,in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.
A)John Toland
B)Denis Diderot
C)Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
D)Marquis Cesare Beccaria
Q5) Do you think the philosophes' attitude toward politics and government is widespread today? Why or why not? Give examples.
Q6) According to Newton and others,nature is ________.
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Q1) Louis XVI was condemned to death on the charge of ________.
A)conspiring against the liberty of the people
B)the manslaughter of hundreds of revolutionaries
C)subversive actions against the state
D)conspiracy to commit murder
Q2) One of the first disagreements in the Estates General was over organization and voting.Identify the specific proposals that incited anger,then explain why the proposals were so objectionable to the Third Estate.
Q3) In May 1794,at the height of his power,Robespierre,considering the worship of "Reason" too abstract for most citizens,replaced it with the ________.
Q4) Consider the events of the Reign of Terror.In a brief essay,explain the causes that led to the revolutionary tribunals and the events that led to their demise.Discuss the reasons that the terror led to the government sanction of thousands of executions.
Q5) The Second Estate of the Estates General was made up of the ________.
A)clergy
B)bourgeoisie
C)artisans
D)nobility
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Q1) The Organic Articles of 1802 established ________.
A)the church's rights to confiscated property
B)that the church would pay the salaries of the clergy
C)the supremacy of state over church
D)the supremacy of church over state
Q2) Explain the Romantics' reasons for the departure from religious views that held sway during the Enlightenment.
Q3) The imaginations of the Romantics were fired by the medieval ___________ against Islam.
Q4) The declaration of Napoleon as emperor of France was ratified by ________.
A)a plebiscite
B)a voice vote in the Assembly
C)a consul of the republic
D)the Second Coalition
Q5) The Confederation of the Rhine is just one example of _______.
A)nationalistic responses to Napoleon's conquests
B)Napoleon's interference in political affairs across Europe
C)the devastation of the Napoleonic wars
D)coalitions that sprang up in defense against Napoleon's invasions
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Q1) Nineteenth-century liberals derived their political ideas from the ________.
A)ancient writings of the Romans
B)philosophers of the American Revolution
C)biblical passages within the doctrine of the Holy Roman Church
D)writers of the Enlightenment
Q2) Who succeeded Tsar Alexander I,who died in November 1825?
A)Constantine
B)Paul
C)Nicholas
D)Alexander II
Q3) The colonies of Latin America each took a separate path toward independence.Compare and contrast the revolutions in New Spain,Peru,Haiti,and Brazil.Explain how slavery played a role in the independence movement,and discuss how the outcome of the movement was shaped by its leaders.
Q4) The first call for rebellion in New Spain came from a(n)________.
A)priest and his Indian followers
B)soldier and his troops
C)ex-slave and his enslaved brethren
D)merchant and his trading partners

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Q5) Behind the concept of nationalism usually lay the idea of popular ________.
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Q1) Which of the following statements about gender roles during the early Industrial Revolution is true?
A)Married males were associated with supporting the family.
B)Married females were expected to contribute wages to the family economy.
C)Unmarried females were rarely factory workers.
D)Married men were associated with family discipline.
Q2) German conservatives gained power by playing on conflicts between ________.
A)conservatives and liberals
B)nationalists and liberals
C)conservatives and the working class
D)liberals and the working class
Q3) What disadvantage did many women who assisted their husbands in textile factories during the 1820s and 1830s experience?
A)They were subject to their husband's discipline in the factory.
B)They often did less skilled work than they had in the family economy.
C)They were responsible for supervising their children during their work shifts.
D)They needed to learn new production methods and machinery.
Q4) The practice of making goods,such as shoes,in standard sizes and styles rather than by special order was known in France as _____.
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Q1) Russian peasants responded to young revolutionaries who tried to win their support for social reforms based on the communal life of peasants by ________.
A)embracing their cause and joining the revolution
B)accepting their ideas but expressing skepticism for their methods
C)engaging in violent conflicts with the revolutionaries
D)turning the revolutionaries over to the police
Q2) The leader of Ireland's movement for home rule was ________.
A)Gladstone
B)Parnell
C)Disraeli
D)O'Malley
Q3) For the first twenty-five years after the Crimean War,European affairs were ________.
A)relatively stable,as countries respected the Vienna settlement
B)tumultuous,as countries adapted to shifts in power
C)unstable,as fears of revolutions declined and the great powers had less reverence for the Vienna settlement
D)stable,as countries joined forces to prevent another war
Q4) The unification of Germany was a blow to European ________.
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Q1) After 1910,population growth in Europe ________.
A)declined or stayed the same
B)increased slightly
C)stayed the same D)increased dramatically
Q2) Describe three events that helped to shape the evolution of the Second Industrial Revolution.
Q3) The British feminist ________,along with her daughters,organized the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903.
Q4) In 1894,the ________,was founded to fight for women's rights in Germany.
Q5) Which of the following countries was a leader in forging the link between scientific research and industrial development?
A)Great Britain
B)Italy
C)France
D)Germany
Q6) Explain the transition in the role of middle-class women from early in the nineteenth century to late in the nineteenth century.
Page 29
Q7) The Napoleonic Code made French women,in effect,legal ________.
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Q1) What did Charles Darwin,Sigmund Freud,Karl Vogt,and T.H.Huxley have in common?
A)They claimed that science showed women were inferior to men.
B)They used science to examine the role of humans as a part of nature.
C)They used science to explore the inner worlds of humans.
D)They claimed that science proved some races were superior to others.
Q2) The most important proclamation of Pope Leo XIII was the encyclical ________,which,in part,urged employers to seek just and peaceful relations with workers.
Q3) Darwin's Descent of Man ________.
A)contended that neither the origin of humans nor human character required the existence of a god
B)was a confirmation that human origins derived from an omniscient god
C)gave scientific support to the notion that biology was the basis of social success
D)gave scientific support to the notion that Europeans were biologically superior to other humans
Q4) Explain how Carl Jung's theories differed from Sigmund Freud's.Include a discussion of both Freud's early and later theories.How did Freud respond to Jung's theories?
Q5) Theodor Herzl advocated __________.
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Q1) The Europeans' power attempt to maximize their strategic control of African territory,markets,and raw materials was known as ________.
A)the Scramble for Africa
B)the Amazing Race
C)Realpolitik
D)Machiavellianism
Q2) What was Queen Victoria's role in India?
A)She was named the Empress of India in 1877.
B)She owned the East India Company.
C)She sponsored expeditions of Christian missionaries to India.
D)She advised India princes who swore allegiance to the British Crown.
Q3) Which of the following countries posed the biggest challenge to Britain's dominance of the world stage?
A)Russia and Japan
B)Russia and China
C)Japan and China
D)Japan and the United States
Q4) In ________,Europeans could experience different parts of their nation's empires in a pleasant setting of flowerbeds,trees,and greenhouses.
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Q1) Most of Poland was carved out of the former ________.
A)Austro-Hungarian Empire
B)Russian Empire
C)Ottoman Empire
D)German Empire
Q2) A main reason for popular discontent with the Russian provisional government in 1917-1918 was ________.
A)Kerensky's decision not to aggressively continue the war
B)the resistance of embittered monarchists to a socialist premier
C)widespread demands for the Bolsheviks to lead the country
D)continuing shortages of food
Q3) What countries were expected to be barriers to the westward expansion of Russian communism?
A)Turkey,Iraq,Lebanon,and Palestine
B)Turkey,Iraq,and Yugoslavia
C)Poland,Romania,Yugoslavia,the Baltic states,and Czechoslovakia
D)Poland,Romania,Turkey,and Iraq
Q4) Why were the opposing forces of World War I locked in a virtual stalemate until 1917? What broke the stalemate?
Q5) The Russian Socialist parties organized workers into ________,or councils.
Page 32
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Q1) Thousands of Hungarians were executed or imprisoned following the collapse of the ________ government.
Q2) It is easiest to define fascism in terms of ________.
A)communism
B)support for Socialism
C)its economic policies
D)what it opposed
Q3) Which of the following best characterizes Communist Party members who joined following the Great Purges?
A)idealistic
B)dedicated Bolsheviks
C)intellectuals
D)Stalin loyalists
Q4) The ________ dominated the government of Yugoslavia.
Q5) In the Nazi ideology,women were considered first and foremost as _________.
A)economically useless
B)inferior
C)morally weak
D)mothers
Q6) Hitler was named _________ in 1933. Page 33
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Q1) The Big Three for most of the war were _________.
Q2) The key reason why the Western powers adopted a policy of appeasement was their ________.
A)fear of Germany's growing military power
B)regret over the harsh terms of the peace settlement
C)fear of another general war
D)concern that Germany's goals were unreasonable
Q3) The Council of Foreign Ministers was established to ________.
A)administer the occupied zones of Germany
B)draft peace treaties for Germany's allies
C)set borders for Poland and Germany
D)determine the partition of the Balkans
Q4) How did Heinrich Himmler plan to get rid of the Slavs in the Soviet Union?
A)deport them
B)force them to work in labor camps
C)transport them to concentration camps
D)kill them by extermination squads
Q5) In 1945,the French formed the ________ Republic.
Q6) The Japanese launched an air attack on the United States on December 7,1941 at the U.S.naval base of ________.
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29: The Cold War Era, decolonization, and the
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Q1) The "ethnic cleansing" that took place in Bosnia primarily targeted ________.
A)Serbians
B)Croatians
C)Muslims
D)Albanians
Q2) Which of the following countries supported the United States during the Persian Gulf War?
A)Iran
B)Syria
C)Libya
D)Saudi Arabia
Q3) Why did France follow a path different from Britain with regard to its colonies? What effect did that policy have on Cold War tensions?
Q4) Which of these most notably changed the course of developments in the Middle East in the 1900s?
A)the invasion of Kuwait
B)the end of World War II
C)the Russian invasion of Afghanistan
D)the Iranian Revolution
Q5) The literal meaning of the Muslim term ________ is "a struggle."
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Q1) The financial crisis of 2008 demonstrated ________.
A)the interconnectedness of world markets
B)the United States' dominance in the world market
C)Western Europe's dominance in the world market
D)the significance of burgeoning economies in Eastern Europe,Asia,and Africa
Q2) The ________ in the sculpture Nameless Library represent the loss of Jewish contributions and Jewish lives as a result of the Holocaust.
Q3) Women are more likely than men to work part-time,because of ________.
A)low salaries
B)labor gluts
C)the needs of their children
D)lack of job opportunities
Q4) Compared to abstract art-illustrated by Jackson Pollock-socialist realism was much more ________.
A)innovative
B)amateurish
C)gloomy
D)tied to political ideology

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Q5) Albert Camus was a French ________ writer.
Q6) The number of ________ women in the workforce has risen sharply.
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