Ethnographic Methods
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Course Introduction
Ethnographic Methods is a course that introduces students to the theory, practice, and ethics of ethnography as a core research methodology in the social sciences. Students will explore participant observation, in-depth interviewing, fieldnotes, and reflexivity, while learning how to design and conduct independent research projects. The course covers data collection, analysis, and representation, encouraging critical thinking about positionality, power dynamics, and ethical considerations in fieldwork. Through readings, case studies, and practical exercises, students will gain hands-on experience in observing social life, engaging with communities, and producing rich, contextually grounded accounts of cultural practices and social phenomena.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 11th Edition by Serena Nanda
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Chapter 1: Anthropology and Human Diversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within the discipline of anthropology,globalization has:
A)Decreased the need for anthropologists.
B)Tended to increase the political involvement of some anthropologists.
C)Enabled anthropologists to use technology to do fieldwork without leaving their offices.
D)Allowed anthropologists to become members of native cultures to a greater extent than before.
E)Made it easier for anthologists to publish their findings.
Answer: B
Q2) How is anthropology different from other social science disciplines as far as occupational skills today?
Answer: It focuses on understanding other groups of people through culture,it gives us unique insight in the plasticity of human nature,and it focuses on creating new and useful ways of thinking about culture.
Q3) What does J.Christopher Kovats-Bernat mean by the concept of "mutual responsibility" under ethnographic conditions of violence?
Answer: He means that both the anthropologist and informant must protect and support each other in order to do work under such challenging situations.
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Chapter 2: Doing Cultural Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is an "IRB"?
Answer: It is the Institutional Review Board,which is a committee organized by a university or other research institution to approve,monitor,and review all research involving human subjects.
Q2) Applying one's own cultural standards of value,worth,and morality to another culture is called:
A)Ethnocentrism.
B)Participant observation.
C)Cultural relativism.
D)Ethnography.
E)Postmodernism.
Answer: A
Q3) Anthropologists generally agree that they should defend Western notions of human rights.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) What do anthropologists use as the basis for cross-cultural comparisons?
Answer: They use ethnographies.
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Chapter 3: The Idea of Culture
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Q1) What do anthropologists mean by the term "social birth"?
Answer: It is the point at which an individual is considered to be a human being and a member of human society.It is often more highly marked than biological birth.
Q2) Inuit children are protected from the harsh environment and physical challenges until it is time for them to transition into adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) All of the following are characteristics that are emphasized in Inuit enculturation except:
A)Violence.
B)Cooperation.
C)Emotional restraint.
D)Physical acuity.
E)Independence.
Answer: A
Q4) __________ is the movement of cultural traits from one society to another.
Answer: Diffusion.
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Chapter 4: Communication
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Q1) When anthropologists examine language across different cultures,they find that:
A)Children learn to speak very early when the culture has written language.
B)Children learn to speak early when mothers and babies interact a lot.
C)Children speak in the same way in all cultures regardless of different languages.
D)Children learn to speak at the same time in all cultures and with equal competence.
E)Children raised with their mothers speak better than children raised with other relatives.
Q2) An important method comparative linguists use to draw conclusions about the relationship between two languages is:
A)Determining the amount of core vocabulary they share.
B)Establishing the biological relationship between the speakers of the languages.
C)Showing that the linguistic style of one group diffused to members of the other.
D)Examining the degree of intracultural variation in the languages.
E)Determining if they share complex and unusual words not found in other languages.
Q3) What is the importance of a speech community for a human child?
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Chapter 6: Economics
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Q1) One universal aspect of the division of labor is that women have the major responsibility for child care.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Under what conditions do we expect an increasingly specialized and complex division of labor?
Q3) The objective of negative reciprocity is to gain material advantage without having to give anything in return.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Belize has long been affected by global economic forces.Recently,however,two contradictory trends have developed in Belize cuisine.What are these?
Q5) Name three leveling mechanisms that exist in the Chiapas district of Mexico.
Q6) The potlatch is an example of negative reciprocity.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What do anthropologists mean by economizing behavior? Is this always linked to financial gain?
Q8) Under what conditions do we expect to find foragers defending their territory?
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Chapter 7: Kinship
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Q1) An important kinship feature in a bilateral kinship system is:
A)Clan.
B)Matrilineage.
C)Patrilineage.
D)Phratry.
E)Kindred.
Q2) In North India,the kinship system uses bifurcation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a distinction between unilineal and bilateral kinship systems?
A)Unilineal kinship systems involve tracking descent through both parents' lines.
B)In bilateral kinship systems,the kin groups do not overlap.
C)In unilineal kinship systems,the kin groups do not overlap.
D)In bilateral kinship systems,there are no cousins.
E)In unilineal kinship systems,there is no designated mother or father.
Q4) What is the primary difference between systems of unilineal and bilateral descent?
Q5) Distinguish between inheritance and succession.
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Chapter 8: Marriage, family, and Domestic Groups
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Q1) How is the Ju'/hoansi interaction with elders and aging different from that of an urban society?
Q2) Describe the three major rules of residence,the kinds of domestic groups in which they occur,and the kinds of sociocultural situations that they foster.How would a couple's life be different from one to another type of residence?
Q3) To replace the population,women must have,on average,between 2.1 and 2.5 children.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In premodern Chinese families,as women with male children grew older:
A)They were increasingly oppressed and marginalized in their families.
B)They tended to become more powerful,often becoming the dominant person in the household.
C)They were often discarded by their husbands in favor of younger,sexier wives.
D)Relations between them and their husbands tended to grow increasingly contentious.
E)They often divorced and sought out new,more powerful husbands.
Q5) Are incest taboos universal? Explain your answer.
Q6) Name and describe two types of polygamy.
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) The Native American "two spirit" is best described as an effeminate homosexual.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the primary role of hijras in Indian society?
Q3) Describe theoretical contributions of Margaret Mead in the area of gender studies in anthropology.
Q4) The area of the world most associated with the two-spirit is:
A)Ireland.
B)West Africa.
C)Southern Spain.
D)Native societies of North America.
E)New Guinea.
Q5) For Muslims,wearing the hijab:
A)Varies substantially from culture to culture.
B)Is the same in all Muslim cultures since the Qur'an is the same sacred text.
C)Is generally required only of married women.
D)Is far more common in rural areas than in cities.
E)Is a practice that is rapidly disappearing.
Q6) Describe gender relations in foraging societies.
Q7) How is sexual behavior also a cross-cultural value?
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Chapter 11: Stratification
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Q1) Social stratification is the result of:
A)The fact that people are born with different natural talents.
B)The fact that there are several different races.
C)Theft of property by the strongest in society.
D)Human nature.
E)Unequal distribution of resources.
Q2) Which of the following ideas was promoted by Brazilian anthropologist Gilberto Freyre?
A)Brazil should really be considered an African country.
B)Brazil should really be considered a European country.
C)Brazilian national identity was the result of mixing people of European,African,and indigenous ancestry.
D)Races in Brazil should be allowed to develop their own cultures separately.
E)The relationship of races in Brazil could only be understood as a result of U.S.imperialism.
Q3) Define assimilation.
Q4) Changes in China since the death of Mao have resulted in increasing prosperity and increasing equality.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) Define divination.
Q2) Prayer and magic are most likely to be used when:
A)People are superstitious.
B)The outcome of an event is uncertain.
C)People are not Christians.
D)The outcome of an event is certain and the success of the technique is assured.
E)People have sufficient time to carefully consider an event.
Q3) The rituals of the Native American Church are based on the revival of a peyote religion that was common throughout North America in the 17 and 18 centuries.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Military basic training is a good example of a rite of intensification. A)True B)False
Q5) Modern-day Wiccans often believe that everything they do,good or bad,returns to them three-fold.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 13: Creative Expression: Anthropology and the Arts
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Q1) "Orientalism" refers to:
A)Belief in the superiority of the cultures of China,Japan,and Korea.
B)Beliefs promoting colonial conquest of Asia.
C)A fantasy view of the Middle East as the European "other."
D)A school of European painting depicting Arab cultures in an objective,realistic way.
E)A theory of anthropology regarding Islamic cultures as not very different from Western cultures.
Q2) Evidence of artistic expression:
A)Was first found in the early 18th century.
B)Was first discovered only in the form of cave paintings.
C)Was found at the dawn of the modern human species.
D)Was first found 400,000 years ago.
E)Was found for the first time with the emergence of state societies.
Q3) What is manga?
A)Animated cartoons in Japan.
B)Comic book art in Japan.
C)Political satire in Japan.
D)Movie art in the U.S.
E)A type of music from Brazil.
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Chapter 14: Power, conquest, and a World System
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Q1) Which of the following experienced the most radical change following European colonization?
A)The Belgian Congo.
B)Yemen.
C)India.
D)The Dutch East Indies.
E)The Americas.
Q2) What was meant by the concept of "White man's burden"?
Q3) Emperor Ch'ien Lung's response to a British delegation's attempt to open trade was positive and welcoming.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Europeans could not have created colonies without the help of anthropologists. A)True
B)False
Q5) What were the primary European goals of native education in the colonies?
Q6) What is corvee labor?
Q7) Name two major differences between the American colonization experience and that of Africa and Asia.
Q8) Define pillage and give one example.
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Chapter 15: Culture, change, and the Modern World
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Q1) Describe the Basic Human Needs approach to development and explain its successes and failures.Present examples from the text.
Q2) Which of the following statements about the past 100 years is correct?
A)It has seen less bloodshed and suffering than most previous eras.
B)It is probably the bloodiest century in human history.
C)There has been little bloodshed in the wealthy countries but a great deal in the poor nations.
D)There has been little bloodshed in the poor nations but a great deal in the wealthy nations.
E)There was a great deal of bloodshed during the cold war but international levels of violence have greatly declined since then.
Q3) What is a "high fertility country"? What national conditions would we expect in that country?
Q4) One thing that anthropologists working in development do is try to counter the tendency of economists to believe that everyone thinks alike and responds to the same incentives.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are sweatshops?
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