Ethnographic Methods
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Ethnographic Methods is a course designed to introduce students to the principles and practices of ethnographic research within the social sciences. The course covers the foundational theories, ethical considerations, and practical techniques involved in participant observation, in-depth interviews, field note-taking, and cultural immersion. Students learn how to design and conduct rigorous qualitative studies, analyze observational and narrative data, and apply ethnographic findings to broader social and cultural contexts. Throughout the course, students engage in hands-on fieldwork and critical reflection, equipping them with the skills necessary for conducting responsible and insightful ethnographic research in diverse settings.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 4th Canadian Edition by Barbara D. Miller
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15 Chapters
1776 Verified Questions
1776 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Nature of Anthropology
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following activities would an applied anthropologist most likely NOT be involved in?
A) persuading indigenous healers to discard their traditional methods of treating illness in favour of modern medicine
B) providing mediation between members of an Aboriginal group and residents of a nearby housing development who are in conflict over water rights
C) providing background information to First Nations and government agencies during land claims negotiations
D) working with Aboriginal peoples to develop cultural awareness programs about their heritage and history
Answer: A
Q2) All humans share a common ancestry with apes and monkeys.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most important symbolic aspect of culture is language.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A proposal to allow sharia law in Ontario was rejected.What was the main objection that led to its rejection?
A) Sharia law is practiced in Iran and has no legal status in Canada.
B) Many women feared that imposition of sharia law would threaten the equality of Muslim women.
C) Sharia law was not understood by Ontario's Muslims.
D) Sharia law was likely to exclude men in divorce and child custody cases.
Answer: B
Q3) Punk subcultures tend to be female-dominated.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Hutterite colonies in Canada are stratified by age and gender.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Beginnings of Human Culture
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evidence indicates that chimpanzees maintain group hierarchies.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In 1995,Biruté Galdikas,a primatologist teaching at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia,is one of the three best known female primatologists.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What conclusion can be drawn from the Homo fossils found in the Republic of Georgia?
A) Populations of the genus Homo did not evolve anywhere in Africa until the late Paleolithic era.
B) Brain size did not expand beyond that of Australopithecus until early humans migrated out of Africa.
C) Homo georgicus was capable of living in a very cold climate thus indicating fire making.
D) Homo georgicus probably had developed language.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language and Communication
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) By comparing the core vocabularies of two languages using glottochronology,what is it thought possible to determine?
A) whether the two groups of speakers perceive reality in the same way
B) whether the languages share the same allophones
C) how long ago the languages separated from each other
D) how closely the languages reflect similar technologies
Q2) The English language reflects a long-standing ideology of male dominance in Western societies.How is this problem viewed in the modern world?
A) Using language that demeans women or men trivializes their existence,perpetuates stereotypes,and reinforces gender bias in our society.
B) Using language that demeans women or men trivializes their existence by excluding women from political discourse.
C) It is not really a serious problem these days as males are no longer dominant.
D) It is only a problem to the extent that women still think it is a problem.
Q3) What problems have been encountered in attempting to understand the origins of language?
Q4) Explain and critique the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
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Chapter 5: Making a Living
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What would an Ojibwa man have to prove to the family and mother of his prospective bride?
A) that he could survive the harsh winters
B) that he could build a good family wigwam
C) that he was a good hunter and provider
D) that he could be a good father
Q2) The population density of foraging groups is usually considerably lower than what resources can support.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Swidden agriculture is an ecologically sustainable way of raising food in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How did Thomas Hobbes mistakenly describe the lives of foragers?
A) ideal,happy,and in balance with nature
B) solitary,poor,nasty,brutish,and short
C) poor in material goods but rich in spirit
D) only about one half the length of that of a European
Q5) Critique the Western notion of "progress" from an anthropological viewpoint.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Economic Systems
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which kind of exchange of goods and services does the term reciprocity refer to?
A) exchanges of unequal value
B) exchanges between persons in hierarchical relationships
C) exchanges to fulfill social obligations and gain prestige
D) exchanges to make a profit
Q2) Which statement is most indicative of the relationship between immigration to Canada and Canada's economic prosperity?
A) Canada's economy has diversified and expanded as a result of immigration.
B) Canada's economy has been negatively impacted by immigration as a result of the amount of money that is spent on social services,resettlement,and language training for immigrants.
C) Canada's economy remains unchanged,as immigrants are more likely to invest money overseas and spend to support relatives abroad.
D) Canada's economy has dramatically increased as a result of foreign ownership.
Q3) Everyone in the world wants the same goods and services.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the variation that exists among nonindustrial societies in their organization of labour by age.
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Chapter 7: Sex and Marriage
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who are children raised on a kibbutz in Israel most likely to marry?
A) people they meet outside of the kibbutz after they leave in their late teens to serve in the armed forces
B) people that they shared the kibbutz experience with,but did not share the same residence
C) people from the same residence that they have grown up with D) people from the same work group within the kibbutz
Q2) Compare and contrast three explanations of the incest taboo.Why is the incest taboo of central importance for anthropology?
Q3) The Nayar marriage system slowly came to an end in the late 19th century.Which of the following would NOT be considered an explanation for its disappearance?
A) The warrior caste was dissolved by the British.
B) Nayar women demanded economic and political independence from their brothers.
C) Nayar inheritance laws were changed by the British.
D) Nayar marriage patterns were viewed as immoral by British colonists and were outlawed.
Q4) Define and explain the function of the levirate and the sororate.
Q5) Discuss the relationship between polygyny and wealth.
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Chapter 8: Family and Household
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The prevalence of nuclear families is declining in Canadian society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Considering the cultural diversity evident in how children are raised,which type of family produces the most well-adjusted children?
A) The dual-parent nuclear family produces the most well-adjusted children.
B) The multigenerational extended family produces the most well-adjusted children.
C) Almost any form of family or parenting can produce well-adjusted children.
D) Polygynous families clearly produce the most well-adjusted children.
Q3) In all societies,the family serves as an institution to nurture children and establish a cooperative economic unit.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Whom does a married couple go to live with in an avunculocal residence?
A) the husband's brother
B) the husband's mother's brother
C) the husband's brother's son
D) the wife's father
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10
Chapter 9: Kinship and Descent
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112 Verified Questions
112 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that two people are given the same kinship term,(e.g. ,cousin).What does this mean?
A) They are genetically related.
B) They have the same gender.
C) They call each other by the same kinship term.
D) They occupy and share a similar status.
Q2) Which statement about matrilineal descent systems is true?
A) The strongest male-female relationships are between a wife and her brothers.
B) A son will inherit property from his mother's sister.
C) Disputes between a woman and her children will be settled by her brother.
D) Males generally reside in a men's house.
Q3) Which statement about members of unilineal descent groups is correct?
A) They know exactly which group they belong to and where their primary loyalties lie.
B) They are confused about their relationship to persons not included in their descent group.
C) They are related only to females if they are in a matrilineal group.
D) They are related only to males if they are in a patrilineal group.
Q4) How did kinship play a role in sorting out disputes over band membership of the Micmac of Maine?
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Chapter 10: Social Stratification and Groupings
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements distinguishes 19th-century anthropology from current anthropology?
A) 19th-century anthropology laid the groundwork for race-based theories of today.
B) 19th-century anthropology provided a racial typology that still stands today.
C) 19th-century anthropology concocted harmful theories of race that are no longer believed today.
D) 19th-century anthropology race theory was less than perfect but was basically harmless.
Q2) The status of Canadian seniors is becoming more problematic because they are not capable of change.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What do we generally find behind the notion of race?
A) a reasonable means of classifying human physical variation
B) a justification for exploitation
C) the mechanism of the evolutionary theory
D) a concept that accompanies and parallels culture
Q4) Describe the motive,means,and opportunity for the destruction of Africville.
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Chapter 11: Political Organization and the Maintenance of Order
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an attribute of class-based capitalist societies?
A) an elite that owns the predominant means of production and access to high political office
B) a middle class with wide-open access to wealth and property
C) an impoverished lower class with open access to the means of production
D) frequent use of mediation by the political elite as a means of social control
Q2) Traditionally,leaders among the Slavey of northern Canada were chosen from the most successful hunters.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The oldest form of political organization is the state.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What did the British do when they imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria?
A) They introduced changes that caused the tribal elders to lose power.
B) They introduced changes that advocated the equality of political power between the sexes.
C) They introduced changes that made women more powerful than men.
D) They introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men.
Q5) How can we define "law" cross-culturally,without ethnocentrism?
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Chapter 12: Religion and the Supernatural
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is supported by the ongoing existence of Islamic fundamentalism in Iran,Jewish fundamentalism in Israel,and Christian fundamentalism in the United States?
A) Science and religious fundamentalism are quite compatible .
B) Liberal forms of these religions are in decline in all three cases.
C) Science is open to error and revision while religion remains eternal.
D) Religion is still a powerful and dynamic force in contemporary society.
Q2) A sick person who is given a medical explanation for his disease (for example,that he has tuberculosis)may still prefer to explain his illness as the result of witchcraft because it explains why he,and not someone else,got the disease.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements about revitalization movements is NOT correct?
A) The purpose of revitalization movements is to reform society.
B) Revitalization movements rarely fail because they align people's expectations.
C) All known major religions,including Judaism,Christianity,and Islam,began as revitalization movements.
D) Revitalization movements may be completely unrealistic.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Arts
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95 Verified Questions
95 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do feminists and Marxists regard manhood?
A) as an illusion
B) as a mechanism for procreating
C) as a mechanism for oppressing females
D) as a biological accident
Q2) Which term best applies to African music with multiple rhythmic patterns played simultaneously?
A) pentatonic
B) irregular
C) repetitious
D) polyrhythmic
Q3) Which of the following is the "common parlance" definition of myth?
A) a scientific explanation for the origin of the universe (the "Big Bang")
B) a widely believed falsehood ("Ministers' sons are wicked.")
C) a narrative providing a rationale for religious beliefs and practices (the "Virgin Birth")
D) an explanatory description of an orderly universe (the "Copernican Theory")
Q4) Both the traditional songs of Australian Aborigines and the music of Scottish bagpipes have been used to further political and legal aims.Discuss.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Anthropology at Work
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do the publications of applied anthropologists differ from those of academics?
A) They do not contribute theoretical insight of academic value.
B) They are considered biased because they are funded by a particular client.
C) They are published in internal reports rather than in books and journal articles.
D) They are published as public documents without copyrights.
Q2) Anthropologists working with U.S.troops in Afghanistan apparently proved their worth with the 82nd Airborne Division.Which of the following is evidence of their usefulness?
A) The unit's combat operations were reduced 60 percent after anthropologists and other scientists arrived.
B) The ratio of enemy combatants killed to American troops killed improved from 5 to 1 to 10 to 1.
C) No civilian casualties occurred after the arrival of the anthropologists and other scientists.
D) The Taliban gave up their resistance and began to cooperate with the Americans.
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16
Chapter 15: Cultural Change and the Future of Humanity
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174 Verified Questions
174 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Separatist movements have arisen among by French speakers in Canada,Tamils in Sri Lanka,Croats in the former Yugoslavia,and Latvians in the former Soviet Union.What do these separatist movements indicate?
A) Developing countries cannot maintain political stability.
B) Southerners are more volatile than northerners.
C) Western Europe will eventually dominate the globe.
D) All large states have a tendency to come apart.
Q2) Prior to the European invasion of the Amazon,how many distinct cultural groups were there in the region? And about how many remain today?
A) 1,000 / 910
B) 700 / 180
C) 500 / 320
D) 400 / 260
Q3) The majority of distinct peoples in the world have not consented to be ruled by the governments of states in which they live.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the impact of modernization on the Skolt Lapps and Shuar Indians.
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Page 17