Ergonomics
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Ergonomics is the scientific study of people at work, focusing on optimizing the interaction between individuals and the components of their work environment to enhance safety, efficiency, and well-being. This course covers fundamental principles of ergonomics, including human anatomy, physiology, and cognitive abilities, and their application to the design of workplaces, tools, and tasks. Students will learn to analyze human-system interactions, assess ergonomic risks, and propose practical solutions to minimize injury and maximize productivity in various occupational settings. The course also explores standards and guidelines for ergonomic practices and introduces methods for evaluating and improving work system ergonomics.
Recommended Textbook
Human Motor Control 2nd Edition by David A. Rosenbaum
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12 Chapters
230 Verified Questions
230 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A way to demonstrate understanding of human motor control would be to pass a Turing test of motor intelligence. This would mean
A) Developing robots that can crack codes in warfare
B) Developing robots whose movements cannot be distinguished from those of humans
C) Developing robots that can tour around on their own
D) Developing robots that can always beat people in air hockey
Answer: B
Q2) Researchers in the field of human motor control consider variability of performance in tasks like aiming for a target to be
A) Inevitable
B) Bad and something to avoid at all costs
C) Something that cannot be analyzed
D) Both b and c
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Core Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Relying on mechanics may help solve the degrees of freedom problem because A) Mechanics know how to fix cars
B) Mechanics is a branch of physics
C) Mechanical features of the body and external environment may make it unnecessary to control some variables related to movement and stability
D) No other method helps solve the degrees of freedom problem
Answer: C
Q2) The textbook described a study in which experienced basketball players took shots at varying distances from the basket. The surprising result was that
A) They made fewer shots from the foul line than from shots closer to the basket
B) They made more shots from the foul line than from shots from farther from the basket
C) They made more shots from the foul line than would be expected by plotting number of shots made as a function of distance from the basket
D) None of the above
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Physiological Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cells that respond to the seen position of an external object relative to the hand or face are found in the
A) Motor cortex
B) Cerebellum
C) Premotor cortex
D) Supplementary motor area SMA)
Answer: C
Q2) Ataxia is
A) The inability to control attacks
B) The inability to perform calculations
C) Poor balance, typically because of damage to the supplementary motor cortex
D) Poor balance, typically because of damage to the cerebellum
Answer: D
Q3) Within the motor cortex
A) Neighboring regions of the body are represented by neighboring regions
B) Some regions of the body are more amply represented than other regions
C) Both a and b
D) Neither force nor direction of movement are represented
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Psychological Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which phenomenon is best predicted by the closed-loop theory of skill learning?
A) Specificity of practice
B) Generality of practice
C) Closing the loop
D) Chunking
Q2) According to Fitts 1964, skill learning generally proceeds in which order?
A) Automatic, associative, cognitive
B) Associative, automatic, cognitive
C) Cognitive, automatic, associative
D) Cognitive, associative, automatic
Q3) Mental imagery can contribute to skill acquisition. This outcome is best accounted for with
A) The Power Law of Learning
B) Response chaining theory
C) Hierarchical learning theory
D) All of the above
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Chapter 5: Walking
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, although walking is slower and more variable when walkers are engaged in cognitively taxing tasks than when they are not, it is unclear whether this is due to
A) Motor control per se
B) Visual guidance per se
C) Both a and b
D) None of the above
Q2) Rats placed in well learned mazes
A) Cannot find their way to the reward site if they are placed in a new start position
B) Cannot find their way to the reward site if the maze is flooded, requiring swimming rather the previously used method of walking
C) Cannot find their way to the reward site if they are placed in a new start position and must swim rather the previously used method of walking
D) None of the above
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Chapter 6: Looking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pupil diameter changes in response to
A) Illumination
B) Mental load
C) Interest
D) All of the above
Q2) The reason we don't notice the darkening of the visual world when we blink may be because corollary discharge signals the visual centers to discount such darkening when blinks occur. In support of this hypothesis, it has been found that
A) Sensitivity to light is heightened around the time of a blink
B) Sensitivity to light is reduced around the time of a blink
C) Sensitivity to light is unaffected around the time of a blink
D) Sensitivity of the ciliary muscles changes around the time of a blink
Q3) Saccades
A) Are always straight
B) Are always curved
C) Are mostly straight but can be curved when visual targets are moved experimentally while initial saccades are under way
D) Are straight or curved depending on how bright the surroundings are
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Chapter 7: Reaching
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would best support the equilibrium point hypothesis?
A) Muscle resting lengths are changed for upcoming voluntary movements
B) Balance is maintained during reaching and grasping movements
C) People can coordinate their efforts
D) None of these outcomes supports the hypothesis
Q2) If you favored the discrete view over the continuous view of manual positioning, you would argue that
A) Series of movements that appear continuous actually consist of overlapping cascades of discrete movements
B) Series of movements that appear continuous actually consist of disconnected series of discrete movements
C) Series of movements that appear continuous actually consist of disconnected series of continuous movements
D) None of the above
Q3) Coupling of the limbs has been ascribed to
A) Coordinative structures
B) Coupling of oscillators
C) Conceptual difficulties
D) All of the above
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Drawing and Writing
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Sample Questions
Q1) A grammar of action for graphic performance would be likely to have which of the following?
A) Rules for ordering the strokes needed for copying
B) Rules for ordering the strokes needed for writing
C) Explicit rejection of rules of any kind
D) Both and and b
Q2) Studies of the kinematics of the pentip during writing show that
A) Angular velocity only depends on the curvature of the arcs drawn
B) Angular velocity only depends on the linear extent of the arcs drawn
C) Both a and b
D) None of the above
Q3) Research with writing machines shows that
A) Absolute times of strokes define identities of written letters, whereas relative times of strokes define styles of written letters
B) Absolute times of strokes define styles of written letters, whereas relative times of strokes define identities of written letters
C) People write in ways that writing machines cannot mimic in any respect
D) Books written by writing machines are more interesting that books written by people
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Chapter 9: Keyboarding
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Sample Questions
Q1) The textbook described a study by Summers 1975 which showed that after people learned to produce a sequence of keystrokes with a particular slow rhythm, they could not easily escape that rhythm when they tried to produce the same sequence as quickly as possible. The interpretation of this result offered in the textbook was that
A) The timing of a sequence of keystrokes becomes an integral part of the memory for the sequence
B) The timing of a sequence of keystrokes is independent of the memory for the sequence
C) Participants in this study suffered from response-response compatibility
D) Participants in this study benefited from response-response compatibility
Q2) The control of downbeats in musical performance may, but do not necessarily have to, reflect
A) Simple reactions
B) Choice reactions
C) Hierarchical timekeeping
D) Linear timekeeping
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Chapter 10: Speaking and Singing
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Sample Questions
Q1) The analysis of speech errors has led to the notion that speech production involves several functional levels. Which of the following is not considered to be one of those levels?
A) The semantic level
B) The syntactic level
C) The Freudian level
D) The phonological level
Q2) The difference between the sound of "v" and "f" is attributable to
A) Vibration of the vocal folds in "v" but not in "f"
B) Vibration of the vocal folds in "f" but not in "v"
C) Closing of the velum in "v" but not in "f"
D) Closing of the velum in "f" but not in "v"
Q3) Whereas phonemes convey meaning and phones may convey meaning but don't have to,
A) Allophones always convey meaning
B) Allophones sometimes convey meaning
C) Allophones never convey meaning
D) Allophones either convey meaning or not depending on which kind of phone one is speaking on.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Smiling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is correct?
A) The right side of the face is usually more animated than the left because the left cerebral hemisphere usually has a greater inhibitory effect on the face than does the right cerebral hemisphere.
B) The right side of the face is usually more animated than the left because the right cerebral hemisphere usually has a greater inhibitory effect on the face than does the left cerebral hemisphere.
C) The left side of the face is usually more animated than the right because the left cerebral hemisphere usually has a greater inhibitory effect on the face than does the right cerebral hemisphere
D) The left side of the face is usually more animated than the right because the right cerebral hemisphere usually has a greater inhibitory effect on the face than does the left cerebral hemisphere.
Q2) Long, happy marriages provide useful data in support of the proposition that
A) Husbands and wives look happier if they have a long, happy marriage
B) Husbands but not wives look happier if they have a long, happy marriage
C) Wives but not husbands look happier if they have a long, happy marriage
D) Husbands and wives tend to develop similar faces based on years of imitation
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Chapter 12: Moving on
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Sample Questions
Q1) When two people jointly perform reaction time tasks,
A) They readily model each others' mental states
B) They model each others' mental states only very gradually and only if their responses have extraordinarily long reaction times
C) They never model each others' mental states
D) Their reaction times and accuracy are so dramatically different from reaction times and accuracy obtained in solo performance that it is pointless to compare one- and two-person reaction time experiments
Q2) Technology has also been brought to bear to help stroke patients regain movement capabilities. Completed research along these lines suggests that
A) Stroke patients might benefit from virtual reality that increases the gain of patients' movements
B) Stroke patients might benefit from virtual reality that decreases the gain of patients' movements
C) Stroke patients might benefit from robots that assist or, in some cases, resist movements
D) All of the above
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