Epidemiology of Oral Diseases
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive overview of the principles and methods used in the epidemiological study of oral diseases. Students will explore the distribution, determinants, and prevention strategies of major oral health issues such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and other oral conditions affecting populations globally. The curriculum covers key topics including risk factor identification, study design, data collection and analysis, measures of disease frequency, outbreak investigation, and the critical evaluation of epidemiological research literature. Emphasis is placed on applying epidemiological findings to dental public health practice, policy-making, and preventive strategies for improving oral health outcomes at both individual and community levels.
Recommended Textbook
Primary Preventive Dentistry 8th Edition by Norman O. Harris
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28 Chapters
276 Verified Questions
276 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Primary Preventive Dentistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) The presence of white spots on interproximal surfaces are usually first identified in radiographs because mesial and distal surfaces are NEVER visible to the naked eye.
A)Both statement and reason are true.
B)Both statement and reason are false.
C)Statement is true but reason is false.
D)Statement is false but reason is true.
Answer: C
Q2) Secondary prevention can also be termed:
A)Restorative care
B)Dental visits
C)Prophylaxis
D)Rehabilitation
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following are aspects of primary prevention?
A)Professional oral assessment
B)Patient's plaque control
C)Community water fluoridation
D)All of the above
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cultural Health Influences
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Sample Questions
Q1) The L-E-A-R-N model stands for Listen,Explain,Acknowledge,Recognize,and Negotiate.This model replaces the dental interview process when treating those from different cultures.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)First statement is true,second statement is false.
D)First statement is false,second statement is true.
Answer: C
Q2) From a legal perspective,cultural competence can help to avoid:
A)Liability
B)Malpractice claims
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above,cultural competence has no effect on legal matters
Answer: C
Q3) Which is the BEST way to pursue cultural competency for a lifetime?
A)Legal school
B)Continuing education
C)Understanding one's self
D)Competency education
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Dental Hygiene Science
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8 Verified Questions
8 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the purpose of dental indices?
A)Diagnosing dental disease
B)Preventing dental disease
C)Quantifying dental diseases
D)Interpreting dental diseases
Answer: C
Q2) Whose responsibility is it to educate patients about oral diseases and their prevention?
A)Dental hygienist
B)Dentist
C)Dental assistant
D)All of the above
Answer: D
Q3) What phase of the dental hygiene process involves determining dental hygiene therapy and the establishment of realistic patient goals?
A)Implementation phase
B)Planning phase
C)Treatment phase
D)Assessment phase
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Dental Plaque Biofilm
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Sample Questions
Q1) The coating of salivary origin that forms on exposed tooth surfaces is called the:
A)Subsurface pellicle
B)Acquired pellicle
C)Basil lamina
D)Reduced enamel epithelium
Q2) Pyrophosphates decrease the formation of which of the following?
A)Plaque
B)Calculus
C)Early carious lesions
D)Gingivitis
Q3) Which of the following can be used to prevent the excess accumulation of plaque?
A)Host defense mechanisms
B)Effective toothbrushing
C)Biofilm lozenges
D)No prevention necessary
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6
Chapter 5: Carious Lesions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Though food types are important in producing a cariogenic (low pH)environment,frequent in-between-meal snacks and drinks can maintain a low pH environment throughout the day,which shifts the demineralization/remineralization continuum toward caries formation.
A)First statement is true,second statement is false.
B)First statement is false,second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.
Q2) Which of the following is tooth enamel composed of?
A)Enamel junctions
B)Dentin
C)Enamel rods
D)Dentinal tubules
Q3) Resting salivary flow is principally from the major salivary glands while stimulated salivary flow comes from the minor salivary glands.
A)First statement is true,second statement is false.
B)First statement is false,second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Periodontal Diseases
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following microbial species appear to be associated with chronic periodontitis?
A)Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
B)Porphyromonas gingivalis
C)Prevotella intermedia
D)All of the above
Q2) For each millimeter of apical migration of sulcular epithelial attachment,there is also one millimeter of periodontal fibers lost.This migration of junctional epithelium and clinical attachment loss is the hallmark sign for diagnosing periodontitis.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)First statement is true,second statement is false.
D)First statement is false,second statement is true.
Q3) How many different species of bacteria are estimated to inhabit the oral cavity?
A)100-200
B)100-300
C)300-500
D)400-500
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Chapter 7: Oral Cancer
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9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment for the symptoms of mucositis due to cancer therapy?
A)Ice chips
B)Topical pain relief solution
C)Spicy food
D)Systemic pain relievers
Q2) Only dental professionals should conduct oral cancer screenings because physicians are NOT qualified to detect oral conditions.
A)Both statement and reason are true.
B)Both statement and reason are false.
C)Statement is true but reason is false.
D)Statement is false but reason is true.
Q3) Performing oral cancer screenings annually on all patients is the current standard of care in dentistry.A visual exam of all tissues is sufficient to meet this requirement.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)First statement is true,second statement is false.
D)First statement is false,second statement is true.
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9
Chapter 8: Dental Trauma
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an appropriate media in which to store an avulsed tooth?
A)Milk
B)Patient's saliva
C)Saline
D)All of the above
Q2) Soft tissue injuries are often associated with facial trauma.Wounds should be rinsed with saline and,if necessary,gently debrided with gauze wetted with mild soapy water to remove foreign material and dead or damaged tissue.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)First statement is true,second statement is false.
D)First statement is false,second statement is true.
Q3) Intrusion of primary teeth frequently involves extensive treatment.Permanent teeth form close to the primary tooth and can be easily injured with primary tooth intrusion.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)First statement is true,second statement is false.
D)First statement is false,second statement is true.
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Chapter 9: Host Defense Mechanisms in the Oral Cavity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dentistry is MOST concerned with which immunoglobulins?
A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgM
Q2) Humoral immunity is carried out by T cells from the thymus.Cellular immunity is carried out by the B cells from the bone marrow.
A)First statement is true,second statement is false.
B)First statement is false,second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.
Q3) To control acid in plaque,protective ions are increased and damage is controlled through dilution and chemical buffering.Saliva acts as a strong buffer for the acidic plaque.
A)First statement is true,second statement is false.
B)First statement is false,second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.
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Chapter 10: Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is a term used to describe the heat treatment in which each filament end is sealed and rounded.
A)End rounding
B)Angled filaments
C)Texturing
D)Heating
Q2) The ________ is MOST appropriate for children whose dexterity is NOT sufficient to master the Bass technique.
A)Rolling technique
B)Bass technique
C)Horizontal technique
D)Stillman method
Q3) The scrub toothbrushing technique uses which movements?
A)Horizontal strokes
B)Vertical strokes
C)Circular strokes
D)All of the above
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12
Chapter 11: Dentifrices,Mouthrinses,and Chewing Gums
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Sample Questions
Q1) Smaller particles (1 mm)have an abrasive action,and larger particles (20 mm)have a polishing action.
A)First statement is true,second statement is false.
B)First statement is false,second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.
Q2) Abrasives usually do NOT damage enamel,but they may dull the tooth luster.To compensate for this,polishing agents are added to the dentifrice formulation.
A)First statement is true,second statement is false.
B)First statement is false,second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.
Q3) The degree of dentifrice abrasiveness depends on:
A)The inherent hardness of the abrasive
B)The size of the abrasive particle
C)The shape of the particle
D)All of the above
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13
Chapter 12: Self-Care Adjuncts
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Sample Questions
Q1) When are floss holders NOT recommended?
A)Poor dexterity
B)Small hands
C)Strong gag reflex
D)Physical disabilities
Q2) What is the BEST oral-hygiene aid that helps reduce malodor?
A)Tongue cleaner
B)Chlorhexidine
C)Listerine
D)Interdental brushes
Q3) What is defined as bacteria-induced inflammation or infection of the heart and its valves?
A)Bacterial endocarditis
B)Cardia allergic response
C)Bacteremia
D)Pulmonary embolism
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Chapter 13: Implant and Denture Self Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) The endosseous dental implant includes which component?
A)Implant body
B)Abutment
C)Superstructure
D)All of the above
Q2) Titanium does NOT scratch easily and will NOT trap biofilm.Microbial corrosion can severely limit the life and strength of the titanium.
A)First statement is true,second statement is false.
B)First statement is false,second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.
Q3) Which of the following is contraindicated for care of an implant?
A)Metal-core interproximal brush
B)Electric toothbrush
C)Sodium bicarbonate toothpaste
D)Antimicrobial rinse
E)Both A and C
F)Both B and D
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15
Chapter 14: Community Water Fluoridation
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do water fluoridation systems prevent excess water fluoridation?
A)A limited amount of fluoride is maintained in day tanks.
B)Proper controls are used to feed fluoride from the hoppers to distilling tanks.
C)Metering pumps
D)All of the above
Q2) What occurs when an excess amount of fluoride is added to the drinking water over several days,usually secondary to an overfeed from malfunctioning equipment or maintenance errors?
A)Hypofluoridation
B)Hyperfluoridation
C)Excessive fluorosis
D)Community fluoridation
Q3) What type of fluoridation uses milk as a vehicle for fluoride delivery?
A)Milk fluoridation
B)Yogurt fluoridation
C)Cheese fluoridation
D)Salt fluoridation
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Chapter 15: Topical Fluoride Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the MOST common disadvantage of stannous fluorides?
A)Taste
B)Staining
C)Cost
D)Application process
Q2) When is fluoride recommended for newly erupted teeth?
A)12 months
B)16 months
C)2 years
D)3 years
Q3) Fluoride rinses have a place as a component of a preventative program and can be substituted for other modalities of fluoride use.Fluoride rinses are used mainly for patients with a high risk of contracting caries.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)First statement is true,second statement is false.
D)First statement is false,second statement is true.
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Chapter 16: Dental Sealants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where do the majority of caries occur in the oral cavity?
A)Occlusal surfaces
B)Interproximally
C)Areas of recession
D)Incisal edges
Q2) When is the BEST time to place a sealant?
A)Once all the permanent molars have erupted
B)As the permanent dentition erupts
C)When the child begins consuming sugars
D)If the child begins to develop caries
Q3) How long should etch remain on the tooth prior to rinsing?
A)5 seconds
B)10-15 seconds
C)20-30 seconds
D)40-50 seconds
Q4) When is a sealant contraindicated?
A)When there is incipient caries on the occlusal surfaces
B)When there is a presence of a large occlusal restoration
C)When there is dark staining in the pits and fissure
D)When there is a high caries rate
18
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Chapter 17: Nutrition,Diet,and Associated Oral Conditions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a patient presents with unresolved gingivitis or periodontitis,before therapeutic treatment is started,what should be addressed with the patient?
A)Nutrition counseling
B)Caries control
C)Payment plan
D)Routing prophylaxis
Q2) AIDS and cancer patients can experience which of the following oral condition?
A)Oral candidiasis
B)Herpes simplex
C)Anorexia
D)All of the above
Q3) Which is a sign of B-complex vitamin deficiencies?
A)Enlarged papilla
B)Recession
C)Cracks in the corners of the mouth
D)Aphthous ulcers
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Chapter 18: Sugar and Other Sweeteners
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which sugars are implicated as caries causing agents?
A)Sucrose,glucose,NutraSweet,and fructose
B)Xylitol,sucrose,fructose,and maltose
C)Sucrose,glucose,fructose,and maltose
D)Maltose,glucose,xylitol,and NutraSweet
Q2) Which are NOT uses of sucrose sugar?
A)Anticaries agent
B)Sweetening agent
C)Carmelization/color agent
D)Flavor blender and modifier
Q3) In addition to sugars,what other agents can be cariogenic?
A)Carbohydrates
B)Fibrous meats
C)Enzymes
D)Vegetables
Q4) Where does the chemical detection of taste occur?
A)Taste buds
B)Palate
C)Taste receptor cells
D)Buccal mucosa
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Chapter 19: Health Education and Promotion Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a key point in learning?
A)Self-efficacy
B)Relevance
C)Stressors
D)Determination
Q2) What is defined as a source of disturbance that upsets a sense of equilibrium?
A)Generalized resistance resources
B)Stressor
C)Motivation
D)Cultural disturbances
Q3) What focuses on the patients' readiness to learn and change,and helps engage patients to motivate them to progress along the stages of the model?
A)Motivation
B)Motivational interviewing
C)Personal opinion
D)Values
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21
Chapter 20: Tobacco Cessation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Second-hand smoke exposes the non-smoker to more chemicals than the smoker.How much worse are these chemicals?
A)25 fold
B)50 fold
C)100 fold
D)125 fold
Q2) Because smoking alters the body's ability to mount a host response,how does periodontal inflammation present itself in a smoker?
A)Red,swollen gingival margins,with profuse bleeding
B)Smooth tissue with minimal bleeding
C)Smooth tissue with profuse bleeding
D)Tight and firm margins with pyramidal papilla
Q3) Which are products that assist patients with nicotine withdrawal?
A)Gum
B)Patches
C)Medications
D)All of the above
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Chapter 21: Athletic Mouthguards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is defined as a temporary,trauma-included alteration in mental status?
A)Concussion
B)Migraine
C)Traumatic brain injury
D)None of the above
Q2) What is the MOST common type of injury sustained during participation in sports?
A)Broken limbs
B)Dental injuries
C)Concussions
D)Sprains
Q3) When are athletic mouthguards mandated?
A)Youth sports
B)High school sports
C)College sports
D)All of the above
Q4) What was the FIRST mouthguard constructed of?
A)Rubber
B)Acrylic
C)Plastic
D)Cotton
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Chapter 22: Technological Advances in Primary Dental Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is defined as specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins?
A)Genome
B)Chromosomes
C)Genes
D)Proteome
Q2) What has research indicated about periodontal disease and dental caries?
A)That periodontal disease and caries is contagious.
B)That periodontal disease and caries can be genetic.
C)That periodontal disease and caries is due to a chromosome deficiency.
D)That periodontal disease and caries can be reversed.
Q3) What major genetic factor influences an individual's response to periodontal disease?
A)Cytokines
B)Gamma globulins
C)Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1B
D)Immunoglobulin A
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Pregnancy and Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is recommended that pregnant women NOT be reclined during dental appointments.What is the reasoning for this?
A)Patient comfort
B)Increased pressure on the fetus
C)Difficulty breathing for the mother
D)All of the above
Q2) How often do pediatricians recommend that infants have exams during the first year of life?
A)5
B)6
C)7
D)8
Q3) What position should an examination for children under three years of age be done in?
A)Lying back
B)Knee-to-knee
C)The parents lap
D)Cradled in the dentists lap
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Chapter 24: Pediatrics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is described as critical thinking,conceptual thinking,and introspection through their increased speed,automaticity,and capacity of information processing?
A)Formal operational thinking
B)Classical operational thinking
C)Informal operational thinking
D)None of the above
Q2) Which is NOT a reason why parents play an important role in their child's dental health care?
A)Supervision of oral health care
B)Scheduling dental visits
C)Monitoring diet
D)Staying in the room during the cleaning
Q3) The individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding is defined as what?
A)Personality
B)Attitude
C)Temperament
D)Emotion
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26
Chapter 25: Adult Dental Care
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Q1) Cancer patients who receive chemotherapy and/or radiation can experience which of the following?
A)Oral irritation or ulcers
B)Rampant decay
C)Loss of salivary function
D)All of the above
Q2) Which of the following impacts a patient's attitude towards oral health?
A)Culture
B)Education
C)Economic status
D)All of the above
Q3) Which type of fluoride is applied professionally and creates a film of calcium fluoride,which slowly releases over time.
A)Stannous fluoride
B)Acidulated phosphate fluoride
C)Fluoride varnish
D)Neutral sodium fluoride
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Page 27
Chapter 26: Geriatrics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is defined as the presence of at least 20 natural teeth?
A)Passive dentition
B)Functional dentition
C)Active dentition
D)Natural dentition
Q2) What causes the teeth of the elderly to appear darker in color?
A)Dentinal tubules
B)Pulp chamber
C)Diet
D)Medications
Q3) What is the BEST way to provide optimal dental care for the older community?
A)Remain current on oral medicine
B)Remain current on pharmacotherapeutics
C)Remain current on changing technologies
D)All of the above
Q4) What percentage of elderly needs periodontal treatment?
A)90%
B)95%
C)100%
D)None of the above
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Chapter 27: Medically Compromised Populations
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Q1) What is one major obstacle that dental providers and patients must overcome when dealing with depression?
A)Compulsive oral hygiene
B)Poor oral hygiene
C)Unnecessary dental emergencies
D)Severe gag reflex
Q2) Rampant caries is commonly seen with which type of substance abuse?
A)Marijuana
B)Cocaine
C)Meth
D)Alcohol
Q3) What is defined as damage to the lungs that makes it difficult to breathe?
A)Bronchitis
B)Pneumonia
C)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
D)Asthma
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29
Chapter 28: Populations with Developmental Disabilities
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Q1) What percentage of persons with Down syndrome have mitral valve prolapse?
A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%
Q2) Approximately how many births result in a child with autism?
A)1.2 out of every 1,000 births
B)2.6 out of every 1,000 births
C)3.4 out of every 1,000 births
D)4.5 out of every 1,000 births
Q3) In which population is periodontal disease and caries widespread?
A)Down syndrome
B)Cerebral palsy
C)Autism
D)Mental retardation
Q4) Approximately how many births result in a child born with cerebral palsy?
A)1.7 out of every 1,000
B)2.1 out of every 1,000
C)3.1 out of every 1,000
D)4.8 out of every 1,000
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