Environmental Geology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Environmental Geology explores the dynamic interactions between human activities and the Earths geological systems. The course examines topics such as natural hazards (earthquakes, floods, landslides), resource management (water, minerals, energy), soil and groundwater contamination, and land use planning. Students develop an understanding of how geologic processes impact society and learn to apply geoscientific principles to mitigate environmental problems, assess risks, and promote sustainable use of Earths resources. The course integrates case studies and current events to highlight the practical applications of environmental geology in addressing contemporary environmental challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Q1) Which of the following is true about blue-shifted light that we detect from the cosmos?
A)It signifies a source that is moving toward us.
B)It is common for galaxies to emit this type of light.
C)The detected light has a longer wavelength than at the source.
D)The detected light has a lower frequency than at the source.
Answer: A
Q2) Over 2,000 years ago,an ancient Greek astronomer concluded (correctly)that the
A)Earth is spherical
B)Sun is the center of the whole Universe
C)Earth orbits the Sun in a circular orbit
D)Earth is the center of the Universe
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following bodies is the smallest?
A)planet
B)star
C)protoplanet
D)planetesimal
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Q1) As compared to the asthenosphere,the lithosphere is ________.
A)cooler and more able to flow
B)hotter and more able to flow
C)cooler and less able to flow
D)hotter and less able to flow
Answer: C
Q2) Where can icy bodies left over from the protoplanetary disk that formed our Solar System long after the Big Bang be found?
A)heliosphere
B)Oort cloud
C)Kuiper belt
D)interplanetary space
Answer: C
Q3) As compared to ultramafic rocks,mafic rocks have a ________.
A)greater proportion of silica
B)lesser proportion of silica
C)greater proportion of iron and magnesium atoms
D)greater density
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Q1) The thickness of clay and planktonic microskeletons is greatest ________.
A)along mid-ocean ridges
B)along fracture zones
C)at the edges of ocean basins
D)in the center of abyssal plains
Answer: C
Q2) Which of these statements is FALSE?
A)The continents move relative to the magnetic poles.
B)The magnetic poles move relative to the continents.
C)The polar-wander curve for each continent is unique.
D)The movement of the magnetic poles is much greater than the movement of the continents.
Answer: D
Q3) Earth's magnetic reversals are likely due to ________.
A)meteorite impacts
B)lightning strikes
C)tectonic plates shifting
D)changes in circulation patterns in the inner core
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Q1) The thickness of oceanic lithosphere is ________.
A)nearly uniformly 100 km
B)greatest at the geographic poles and least near the equator
C)greatest near the mid-ocean ridges and thins out away from the ridges
D)least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges
Q2) Broad,sediment-covered continental shelves are found along ________.
A)active margins
B)deep-sea trenches
C)passive margins
D)mid-ocean ridges
Q3) Tectonic plates move at rates that are approximately ________.
A)1 to 5 cm every 1,000 years
B)1 to 15 cm/year
C)1 to 15 m/year
D)10 to 100 m/year
Q4) At a subduction zone,the overriding plate ________.
A)is always composed of continental lithosphere
B)is always composed of oceanic lithosphere
C)may be composed of either oceanic or continental lithosphere
D)is composed entirely of asthenosphere
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true about minerals?
A)All minerals are compounds of more than one element.
B)All minerals are naturally made.
C)Some minerals are precipitated by organisms.
D)All minerals can be expressed as chemical formulas.
Q2) The most recently formed portion of any crystal is always found ________.
A)deep within the interior
B)on the outer edges
C)on whichever side is currently facing upward
D)There is no consistent pattern for crystal formation.
Q3) ________ is a mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm³).
A)Mass
B)Specific gravity
C)Luster
D)Streak
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Q1) In Bowen's discontinuous reaction series,the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is ________.
A)olivine
B)plagioclase
C)pyroxene
D)quartz
Q2) Vesicular is a term used to describe a texture in ________ igneous rocks.
A)crystalline
B)glassy
C)pyroclastic
D)intrusive
Q3) A majority of the melts in the Earth form through the partial melting of ultramafic mantle rock.These newly formed magmas are ________.
A)ultramafic
B)mafic
C)felsic
D)intermediate
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Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Q1) Because the velocity of sediment settling (deposition)is positively related to grain size for waterborne sediments,fluvial deposits are more likely than glacial deposits to ________.
A)be well sorted
B)include coarse grains,such as cobbles
C)include fine grains,such as clay
D)have angular grains
Q2) The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed
A)deposition
B)erosion
C)weathering
D)lithification
Q3) When limestone becomes chemically altered so that half of the calcium atoms are replaced by magnesium,the resultant rock is termed ________.
A)agate
B)dolostone
C)jasper
D)travertine
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Q1) The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is ________.
A)always identical to that found within its protolith
B)dependent only on the mineral assemblage of its protolith
C)dependent only on the temperature and pressure of formation
D)dependent on both the mineral content of its protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation
Q2) Which of the following describes the progression of rock types through increasing metamorphic grade?
A)shale Ò slate Ò phyllite Ò schist
B)basalt Ò andesite Ò rhyolite Ò granite
C)sandstone Ò gneiss Ò hornfels Ò zeolite
D)migmatite Ò slate Ò eclogite Ò schist
Q3) What is a primary difference between phyllite and schist?
A)Schist contains mica,whereas phyllite contains only clay.
B)Phyllite contains mica,whereas schist contains only clay.
C)Mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite.
D)Mica crystals within phyllite are larger than those within schist.
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Q1) Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include ________.
A)water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide
B)oxygen,ozone,and water vapor
C)oxygen,hydrogen,and argon
D)carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide,and oxygen
Q2) Columnar joints form when ________.
A)a lava flow cools very rapidly,causing the flow to shatter in a chaotic pattern
B)a lava flow encounters groundwater,which causes the flow to rapidly fracture
C)a lava flow erupts under deep water
D)during the final stages of cooling,a lava flow contracts,forming tall polygonal fractures
Q3) The textural term for a basaltic lava flow that has a smooth,ropy appearance is
A)pahoehoe
B)a'a'
C)pumice
D)ignimbrite
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Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Q1) Which earthquake severity scale varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake?
A)the Richter scale
B)the Mercalli scale
C)the moment magnitude scale
D)the surface-wave magnitude scale
Q2) Earthquake waves that travel along Earth's surface are termed ________.
A)interior waves
B)S-waves
C)surface waves
D)body waves
Q3) On December 26,2004,a magnitude 9.3 earthquake generated a tsunami that devastated coastlines on the ________ Ocean.
A)Atlantic
B)Arctic
C)Indian
D)Pacific
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Page 12
Chapter
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Q1) Force per unit area is termed ________.
A)stress
B)strain
C)power
D)work
Q2) How does the rate at which a body of rock is deformed affect its behavior?
A)A rock deformed quickly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior.
B)A rock deformed slowly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior.
C)The rate of deformation has no effect on a rock's behavior.
D)The rate of deformation is important only below the brittle/plastic transition.
Q3) Regularly spaced joints in an outcrop may indicate that an area ________.
A)is under intense shear stress
B)has experienced compressional stress
C)is underlain by a thrust fault
D)is formed from rocks that were once at great depth
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13
Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Q1) Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ________,in conjunction with relative age data.
A)fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks
B)fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks
C)radiometric dating of igneous rocks
D)radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks
Q2) Basaltic clasts within a conglomerate have been radiometrically dated to 50 million years ago.Is this a reliable age for the conglomerate?
A)Yes.
B)No,this age is likely too old.
C)No,this age is likely too young.
D)No,basalt never contains minerals bearing radioactive isotopes.
Q3) If all of Earth's history were compressed into a single year,Homo sapiens would first appear on ________.
A)February 26 (close to Mardi Gras)
B)April 15 (just before taxes are due)
C)October 31 (just in time for Halloween)
D)December 31,at 11:59 P.M.(just before the ball drops on New Year's Eve)
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Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Q1) Earth was hotter than today during the Hadean for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A)impacts with other objects added heat to Earth
B)differentiation of the core from the mantle added heat to Earth's interior
C)the Sun was much more luminous than it is today
D)carbon dioxide was more abundant in the atmosphere than it is today
Q2) How have climates changed over time?
A)Regions on the continents that are experiencing warm climates today have generally experienced colder climates in the past,and vice versa.
B)Regions on the continents that are experiencing warm climates today generally experienced even warmer climates in the past,and vice versa.
C)Most continents have experienced consistently cold climates from the past to the present.
D)Most continents have experienced consistently warm climates from the past to the present.
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15
Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Q1) In order to produce a commercially viable oil deposit,there must be a source rock,a reservoir rock,a seal rock,and a(n)________.
A)large fracture connecting the reservoir rock to the surface of the Earth
B)porous filter rock that removes impurities
C)igneous heater rock that heats the oil and gives it buoyancy
D)trap that denies the oil passage to the surface
Q2) A permeable and porous rock,regardless of lithology,is a good candidate to serve as a ________ in an oil-producing scenario.
A)reservoir rock
B)seal rock
C)source rock
D)filter rock
Q3) Oil drilling provides not only gasoline and electrical power but also material incorporated into ________.
A)textiles
B)plastics
C)rubber
D)cement
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Q1) Nonmetals extracted from metals during smelting are termed ________.
A)slag
B)cull
C)sludge
D)spar
Q2) Secondary enrichment creates concentrations of metals by ________.
A)accumulating them around a black smoker vent
B)precipitating them into cracks in preexisting rocks
C)leaching them from one area and precipitating them elsewhere
D)accumulating them on the seafloor
Q3) Which of the following nonmetallic resources has an igneous origin?
A)salt
B)granite
C)limestone
D)gypsum
Q4) Which of these commonly used metals sometimes occurs as a native metal?
A)aluminum
B)copper
C)iron
D)tin
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Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Q1) Which of the following situations is the most likely candidate for the occurrence of mass movements?
A)a flat,desert area with little vegetation
B)a gentle slope along the coastline that is across a highway from the surf zone
C)gently sloping hills in the tropics
D)a mountain terrain in a humid environment
Q2) Which of the following situations may lead to slope failure?
A)the addition of a small amount of water to a slope
B)installing a chain-link fence over a slope
C)undercutting a slope by a bulldozer
D)regrading a steep slope to create a gentler slope
Q3) Which situation would most likely host a slope failure?
A)a dry slope composed of gravel with an angle of repose of 30°
B)a saturated slope composed of gravel with an angle of repose of 27°
C)a saturated slope composed of sand with an angle of repose of 35°
D)a saturated slope composed of sand with an angle of repose of 37°
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Q1) With time,a river may erode terrain to produce a low-lying plain that lies close to the base level,which is termed a(n)________.
A)astral plain
B)antedeluvial plain
C)peneplain
D)plateau
Q2) The total sediment load of a stream consists of all of following EXCEPT the ________ load.
A)turbulent
B)suspended
C)bed
D)dissolved
Q3) A meander that is cut off to become completely isolated from the main channel but which retains water is a(n)________.
A)meander neck
B)cut bank
C)oxbow lake
D)thalweg
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Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) Waves ________.
A)refract so as to impact the shore in a nearly parallel manner
B)refract so as to impact the shore nearly perpendicular to the shoreline
C)reflect directly backward from the angle at which they approach the shoreline
D)are reflected off the shoreline but never refract
Q2) Which of the following would be an area of the ocean with the least dense water?
A)the mouth of the Amazon River
B)off the coast of Greenland
C)the middle of the Pacific Ocean
D)off the coast of Madagascar
Q3) Saline ocean water is ________ dense than fresh water and provides ________ buoyancy to objects floating in it.
A)less;more
B)less;less
C)more;more
D)more;less
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Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) Rock or sediment between the water table and the land surface represents a(n)________.
A)aquitard
B)confined aquifer
C)unconfined aquifer
D)unsaturated zone
Q2) Any place where groundwater naturally flows out of Earth's surface is termed a(n)________.
A)artesian well
B)geyser
C)spring
D)recharge area
Q3) If a material is highly permeable,it ________.
A)must be porous
B)cannot be porous
C)must be fractured
D)must either have substantial porosity or be fractured
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21
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Q1) The two main mechanisms of rain and snow formation within clouds are ________ and ________.
A)evaporation;precipitation
B)collision and coalescence;precipitation
C)collision and coalescence;the Bergeron process
D)phase change;the Bergeron process
Q2) Most atmospheric ozone occurs in which layer of Earth's atmosphere?
A)the mesosphere
B)the stratosphere
C)the thermosphere
D)the troposphere
Q3) At zones of divergence and convergence,such as at the equator,the poles,the horse latitudes,and polar fronts,surface winds are generally ________.
A)easterly
B)westerly
C)southerly in the southern hemisphere and northerly in the northern hemisphere
D)calm or weak
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) During heavy rainstorms,rates of physical weathering and erosion are ________.
A)greater in humid climates than in deserts because dry desert soils soak up all the available moisture
B)greater in deserts than in humid climates because soil tends to be more easily eroded in deserts than in humid regions
C)greater in humid climates than in deserts because vegetation tends to break up the soil
D)about equally fast in both deserts and humid climates
Q2) Native Americans produced petroglyphs by etching into ________.
A)rocks that had been subjected to case hardening
B)rocks that had been coated with desert varnish
C)dark basalts
D)obsidian
Q3) Coastal region deserts are most likely near ocean currents that are ________.
A)warm
B)cold
C)flowing east
D)flowing west
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23
Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) Ice is a substance with a high albedo,which means it ________.
A)requires much heat to raise its temperature by 1°C
B)absorbs most of the light that falls on it
C)reflects most of the light that falls on it
D)strongly refracts the light that falls on it
Q2) Currently,almost all the glaciers on Earth are in a state of retreat,which means that the rate of ________ is less than the rate of ________.
A)accumulation;ablation
B)ablation;accumulation
C)formation;sublimation
D)calving;advance
Q3) Wind blows finer particles long distances from glacial environments,where they settle out to form ________.
A)firn
B)loess
C)outwash
D)till
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24
Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) Which of the following represents a unidirectional change in the nature of Earth?
A)differentiation of the layers of Earth
B)the supercontinent cycle
C)the movement of water from one reservoir to another
D)the rise and fall of global sea levels
Q2) How does the formation of oil shale deposits,coals,and limestones effect the carbon dioxide (CO )concentration in Earth's atmosphere?
A)All three increase the total CO in the atmosphere.
B)All three decrease the total CO in the atmosphere.
C)The formation of limestones decreases total CO ,while the formation of oil shale and coal increases total CO .
D)The formation of oil shale deposits,coals,and limestones has very little effect.
Q3) The hydrologic cycle includes which of these?
A)the advance and retreat of glaciers
B)the accumulation of methane in the atmosphere
C)the secretion of carbonate shells by marine organisms
D)photosynthesis
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Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) If a rock is subjected to high heat and pressure,a(n)________ rock will form.
A)igneous
B)molten
C)metamorphic
D)sedimentary
Q2) Imagine you are holding a rock composed of small sand grains cemented together.What subclassification of sedimentary rock is this?
A)clastic
B)chemical
C)igneous
D)crystalline
Q3) Granite is a type of rock that forms deep underground from magma that cools very slowly.What type of rock is granite?
A)clastic
B)igneous
C)sedimentary
D)metamorphic
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Hydration occurs when ________.
A)minerals are dissolved into water
B)minerals are turned into rust
C)minerals absorb water and expand
D)minerals are removed by frost
Q2) Why does differential weathering occur?
A)Chemical weathering attacks some layers,and physical weathering attacks the others.
B)The cliffs formed by chemical weathering protect the rocks below.
C)Some types of rocks don't weather at all,thus producing cliffs.
D)Different minerals have different resistances to weathering.
Q3) Why does the C-horizon contain little to no organic material?
A)Water doesn't penetrate that far into the ground.
B)The C-horizon contains toxins from the bedrock.
C)Plants and animals do not live that far down.
D)The C-horizon is saturated with water.
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) What process transforms a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?
A)melting
B)burial
C)erosion
D)deposition
Q2) If a rock is buried and subjected to high heat and pressure,then uplifted,exposed,eroded away,and deposited,what rock type was NOT involved in the sequence?
A)igneous
B)clastic
C)sedimentary
D)metamorphic
Q3) What type of rock is formed from deep burial?
A)sedimentary
B)igneous
C)metamorphic
D)chemical
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28
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Q1) The core consists of two layers: the ________ inner core and ________ outer core.
A)iron;nickel
B)nickel;iron
C)solid;liquid
D)liquid;solid
Q2) You are studying the seismic data from Mars when you notice that there are no S-waves recorded from 130° through 180° on the opposite side of the planet.What does this information tell you about the interior of Mars?
A)There is a layer of solid material in the interior of Mars.
B)There is a layer of liquid material in the interior of Mars.
C)There is a layer with a higher-velocity material than the crust below.
D)There is a layer with a lower-velocity material than the crust below.
Q3) If an S-wave is traveling through rock when it encounters a magma chamber,the S-wave will ________.
A)slow down
B)speed up
C)remain at the same speed
D)not travel through the magma
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) At least five of these have occurred in Earth's history,one of which occurred 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs.
A)mass extinction event
B)punctuated equilibrium
C)millennia-long drought
D)phylogenetic tree
Q2) Imagine that a layer of leaves is scattered along a forest floor;what must happen in order to preserve these leaves as fossils?
A)The leaves must be picked up by wind or animals and carried to a desert.
B)The leaves must be buried slowly so that the leaves can begin to rot.
C)The leaves must be buried rapidly in order to keep out oxygen.
D)The leaves will never be preserved as they do not contain hard parts.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
A)birds that evolve a new beak shape in order to exploit a different food source
B)the extinction of the mammoths due to hunting by a new predator
C)fossils of trilobites that have the same morphology but are separated by millions of years
D)the mass extinction of the dinosaurs due to a meteorite's impact 65 million years ago
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26738
Sample Questions
Q1) The difference in elevation in an area is called ________.
A)erosion
B)deposition
C)relief
D)landform
Q2) How does climate affect landscape development?
A)It controls the composition of the substrate.
B)It controls the amount of water available on Earth.
C)It controls the resistance of the sediments deposited.
D)It controls the rate of erosion.
Q3) Why do scientists believe there was once liquid water on Mars?
A)Depositional landforms are seen on Mars,but not erosional landforms.
B)Landforms such as river channels and sandbars are seen on Mars.
C)Large depressions are seen on Mars that were once large lakes.
D)Evidence of marine life has been found in the rocks on Mars.
Q4) Which of the following best describes the hydrologic cycle?
A)the movement of water through the ground to form aquifers
B)the cycle that water passes through when going from solid to liquid to gas
C)the circular motion due to density differences created when water boils
D)the movement of Earth's water through a series of reservoirs
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