Doctoral Research Seminar in Education
Exam Review
Course Introduction
The Doctoral Research Seminar in Education is designed to support doctoral students in the development and refinement of their research projects, with a focus on advanced inquiry methods and scholarly communication within the field of education. Through guided discussions, peer feedback, and critical examination of current educational research, students will deepen their understanding of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches, while addressing ethical considerations and practical challenges in educational research. The seminar fosters a collaborative environment for students to present their work-in-progress, engage in methodological debates, and refine their dissertation proposals under the mentorship of faculty and peers, ultimately preparing them for successful independent research and scholarly contribution to the field.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research 5th Edition by John W. Creswell
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Process of Conducting Research Using
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
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Q1) Look at the title to the mothers' trust in school principals study (Shelden et al.,2010),"School Principals' Influence on Trust: Perspectives of Mothers of Children with Disabilities." What qualitative characteristic does this title suggest to a reader?
Answer: Participants' experiences or views of mothers of children with disabilities
Q2) Which one of the reasons below is the best argument for why research is important?
A)It is the primary work of faculty members in universities.
B)It informs policy makers about important issues.
C)It is useful in developing your research skills.
D)It helps the researcher prove their ideas.
Answer: B
Q3) What type of research problem is best studied using a qualitative approach?
Answer: When the researcher wants to explore or develop a deep understanding of a phenomenon.
Q4) Identify three skills that you bring to research from your life experiences.
Answer: Possible answers include:An ability to solve puzzles; an ability to write,such as letters; an ability to look up materials in the library; an ability to focus attention for a sustained period of time
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Chapter 2: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) A researcher introduces the central idea in the title and the opening paragraph of a published study.This idea is called
A)the central idea.
B)the central phenomenon.
C)the key variable.
D)the educational topic.
Answer: D
Q2) Indicate the purpose of using a narrative hook in the introduction to a study.
A)It provides the reader with your research question.
B)It introduces your research design to the reader.
C)It encourages the reader to continue to read on.
D)It promotes the importance of the first sentence.
Answer: C
Q3) Why would a researcher mention the audience in a "statement of the problem" section of a study?
A)Because members of the audience need to use the study
B)Because members of the audience will vote to publish the study
C)Because members of the audience will want to use the study
D)Because members of the audience need to see the study's relevance
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) Which of the following would most likely be found in the "my study" box in a literature map?
A)What are parents' experiences with school choice?
B)School choice as a factor in schooling.
C)My topic will be school choice.
D)Smith (1995)studied school choice.
Answer: A
Q2) You read the following description of a study in a journal article: "Smith (1993)identified three strategies department chairs used in universities to help mentor faculty who aspire to become good teachers: class visits,discussions with master teachers,and organized classroom discussions." This quote illustrates what type of source of information for a literature review?
A)A direct source from the author of a published research study
B)A source of primary information useful in a literature review
C)A source of secondary information useful in a literature review
D)A source of tertiary information useful in a literature review
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or
Hypotheses
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Q1) Which of the following best represents a central phenomenon in qualitative research?
A)the age of the participant
B)stages in adolescent development
C)a concept drawn from the social sciences
D)measures of self-esteem
Q2) In the following quantitative purpose statement,indicate the intervening variable:
A)College students
B)Self-esteem
C)Social interactions
D)High grades
Q3) When qualitative researchers refer to the intent of the study as "emerging," they are referring to:
A)the new participants that will suddenly appear to be interviewed.
B)the clarification of the nature of the central phenomenon.
C)the gradual focusing of the research questions.
D)the uncertain characteristic of what they are studying.
Q4) What are four elements are present?
Q5) In your own words,construct the central question that this study addresses:
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Chapter 5: Collecting Quantitative Data
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Q1) Which of the following is the best reason for standardization when collecting data?
A)The need to protect the anonymity of individual participants
B)The need to ensure norm-referencing for the instrument
C)The need to ensure data for individuals are comparable for analysis
D)The need to disrupt the research site as little as possible
Q2) Assume that a researcher wants to select individuals from a population so that an equal number of people from different ethnic groups (e.g.,African-American,Hispanic,Asian-Americans)are selected.The procedure the researcher would use is called
A)proportional population selection.
B)stratification sampling.
C)ethnic sampling.
D)convenience sampling.
Q3) In the question below,indicate the type of scale used by the author:
Q4) Of the following options,which one is an example of an "attitudinal" measure?
A)Negative views toward school choice
B)Data about how many students choose a school
C)Basic skills of students attending a school
D)Career choices of students attending a school
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Chapter 6: Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
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Q1) Below are listed the steps in the process of testing a hypothesis in a quantitative study.Place the steps in order from 1 to 6 with 1 as the first step and 6 as the last step.
Q2) From the statements below,select the best guideline to use for selecting a statistical program for your quantitative data analysis.
A)The program is the recommendation of another student.
B)The program has an app available for a mobile device or tablet.
C)The program is produced as an open source software.
D)The program has thorough documentation for procedures.
Q3) A quantitative researcher uses a data analysis computer program to sort the values of each variable into ascending order.The intent of this procedure is typically to A)clean up the data.
B)compute the mean.
C)answer a research question.
D)develop the codebook.
Q4) Briefly define the z score.
Q5) Briefly define confidence intervals.
Q6) Briefly define the mean.
Q7) Why it is important to check for effect size in addition to hypothesis testing?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Collecting Qualitative Data
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Q1) Which of the following is a typical field issue that interviewers may encounter in qualitative research?
A)Learning how to funnel from broad issues to narrow ones
B)Establishing the correct codes
C)Encouraging all participants to talk in a group interview
D)Interpreting the participants' responses
Q2) Ethical issues often arise in collecting qualitative data.Which one of the following situations may raise an ethical issue in qualitative research?
A)Participants may disclose sensitive information during interviews.
B)Participants may talk openly about their indigenous culture.
C)Participants may sign a waiver providing information to the researcher.
D)Participants may withhold important information during an interview.
Q3) Which one of the following is the best reason why a qualitative proposal submitted to the institutional review board requires a more detailed description of procedures than a quantitative proposal?
A)The board's familiarity with qualitative approaches
B)The attitudes of institutional review board members
C)The length of the qualitative proposal
D)The amount of time required for qualitative research
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Chapter 8: Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
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Q1) What is the difference between a good example of description and a poor example?
A)The good example transports you to the setting.
B)The good example describes accurately the situation.
C)The good example uses a detailed quote.
D)The good example goes on at some length.
Q2) Qualitative researchers use qualitative analysis computer programs to A)analyze the data for them.
B)transcribe interview recordings.
C)validate the findings.
D)assign labels or codes to data.
Q3) If you were to identify codes to use in the study of an elementary classroom,which one of the following is the LEAST likely code that you might use?
A)A code word in your own words
B)A code word that captures the activities
C)A code word based on the actual words of students
D)A code word from a curriculum guide
Q4) What is a narrative discussion in qualitative research?
Q5) What advice would you give someone who needs to transcribe an audio recording from an interview? List four recommendations.
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Chapter 9: Reporting and Evaluating Research
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Q1) Why would a researcher want to "encode" a research report with good research terms?
A)It shows that the researcher knows how to conduct research.
B)It shows the coding process used in qualitative research.
C)It shows the audience that the study should be published.
D)It shows how much the researcher understands.
Q2) What feature distinguishes a quantitative proposal for a dissertation or thesis from a qualitative proposal for a dissertation or thesis?
A)A quantitative proposal has a separate review of the literature.
B)The quantitative proposal is more structured.
C)The quantitative proposal includes a theory to be tested.
D)The quantitative proposal is longer.
Q3) Research reported to policy makers is characterized by
A)a short executive summary.
B)a policy brief that presents implications.
C)time to report the results.
D)a personal disclaimer about the study.
Q4) List the five sections typically found in a quantitative research report in the order in which you would find them stated:
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Chapter 10: Experimental Designs
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Q1) The following are procedures undertaken before an experimental study begins EXCEPT
A)testing students on a pretest over the material.
B)matching students to both the control and experimental groups.
C)selecting a group of homogeneous students on select characteristics.
D)statistically controlling for covariates that may influence the outcome.
Q2) In this experimental study,what was the dependent variable or outcome assessed in the study?
Q3) In an experiment,this type of group receives an alternative form of the treatment so that they benefit from the study.
A)Experimental group
B)Control group
C)Comparison group
D)Alternate group
Q4) Why are groups compared in an experiment?
A)Because they differ in important characteristics
B)To isolate whether the treatment affects the outcome
C)To identify if the groups statistically differ
D)To eliminate whether groups have different experiences
Q5) Define what is meant by a threat to internal validity.
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Chapter 11: Correlational Designs
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Q1) Why are some cells left blank?
Q2) Which one of the factors below best distinguishes between experimental and correlational research?
A)The measurement of variables
B)The use of an intervention
C)The use of association statistics
D)The use of random selection
Q3) Which of the following steps is most important to remember when conducting a meta-analysis?
A)Code the studies based on criteria about the study and its basic characteristics.
B)Determine that at least two studies are available for the analysis.
C)Each study included should focus on a different issue or topic.
D)Each study included must report continuous rather than dichotomous outcome variables.
Q4) Examine Table 1,the correlation matrix of all of the variables in the study.What
Q5) Examine in paragraph 22,the hypotheses proposed in this study.Examine the first hypothesis: "Scores on college adjustment will be influenced by the variables of race and parental college education." List the variables being examined in this hypothesis.
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Chapter 12: Survey Designs
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Q1) "Have you ever awakened the morning after from drinking the night before and found that you could not remember the events the day before?"
A)The question is wordy.
B)The question asks two or more questions.
C)The question is negatively worded.
D)The question includes jargon.
E)The question includes overlapping responses.
F)The question contains a mismatch between the question and the answers.
Q2) Which of the following is the best indicator of higher quality in survey research?
A)The researcher reported the use of opportunity sampling.
B)The researcher determined the sample size based on a percent of the population size.
C)The researcher discussed instrument development and provided example questions.
D)The researcher reported one follow-up contact after initial mailing.
Q3) Of the alternative "types" of surveys,was the approach used more of a questionnaire or an interview?
Q4) Was this an example of longitudinal or cross-sectional research?
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Chapter 13: Grounded Theory Designs
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Q1) Grounded theory research can be distinguished from experimental research in which of the following ways?
A)The use of a theory framework
B)The use of systematic procedures
C)The use of an emerging design
D)The need for institutional review board approval
Q2) What statement below best captures the major distinction between theoretical sampling in grounded theory research and purposeful sampling in qualitative research? Theoretical sampling involves
A)selecting individuals who can help develop a theory.
B)identifying individuals intentionally.
C)selecting participants who are conveniently available.
D)identifying individuals who support your theory.
Q3) In the definition of grounded theory design,the factors listed below are characteristics of this design EXCEPT
A)it involves qualitative procedures.
B)it explains a process.
C)it uses a sample from a population.
D)it provides a broad,conceptual explanation.
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Chapter 14: Ethnographic Designs
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Q1) A researcher decides to study individuals with learning disabilities in an elementary school with the intent of advocating for this group of children.The type of ethnographic design is
A)a case study.
B)a realist ethnography.
C)a critical ethnography.
D)an autoethnography.
Q2) In Tables 1 and 2 you can see detailed information about the students and their parents in the small school.In terms of ethnographic results,how would you characterize this information?
A)It shows the reflexivity of the researcher.
B)It shows the researcher's attention to detail.
C)It shows description in an ethnography.
D)It summarizes tabled information about the students and parents.
Q3) Why are ethical issues in ethnography often associated with the data collection phase of research?
A)In data collection,this phase is the most rigorous aspect of the research.
B)In data collection,ethnographers often are invasive of personal space.
C)In data collection,ethnographers often spend extensive time in the field.
D)In data collection,ethnographers ask personal questions.
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Chapter 15: Narrative Research Designs
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Q1) In narrative research,these are the movements of individuals through the story illustrating the character's thinking or behaviors.What is this narrative element?
A)Characters
B)Actions
C)Problem
D)Resolution
Q2) List three of the criteria for evaluating a narrative research
Q3) You are conducting a narrative research study about adolescent tobacco use in high schools.You sense that the person whose life experiences you are studying is "faking" the information by telling you that he can go "cold turkey" and quit smoking whenever he wants.To counter the potential ethical distortion of data,you might use the procedure of
A)repeating the interview question in different ways.
B)asking the individual's friends about his smoking behavior.
C)asking the participant whether he is telling false stories.
D)asking the participant whether he can remember events accurately.
Q4) Why would Chan study the experiences of one Chinese immigrant student in this narrative study?
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Chapter 16: Mixed Methods Designs
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Q1) List three of the criteria for evaluating a mixed methods study.
Q2) Which one of the following is an advantage of using a mixed methods design in an educational research study?
A)The weaknesses of quantitative data are offset by the advantages of qualitative data.
B)Mixing different forms of data suggests that the researcher knows multiple forms of research.
C)Faculty committee members on a student's committee may not be familiar with qualitative research.
D)The use of two forms of data provides a complete picture of the databases.
Q3) Today the focus in mixed methods research is on
A)reflecting on the characteristics and development of mixed methods.
B)creating figures that provide visualizations of the design.
C)mixing different forms of quantitative and qualitative data.
D)advocating for the applied nature of mixed methods research.
Q4) In what ways do the authors give "priority" to quantitative research in this study? Mention at least two ways.
Q5) Also by examining the title,how do the authors foreshadow that both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected?
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Chapter 17: Action Research Designs
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Q1) Sally and Sam try out the "quiet time" strategy and closely observe how the students react.They also look at whether the student disruptions tend to subside or escalate after the time out.This step of action research is: _____
A)The problem
B)The data collection
C)The analysis of the data
D)The development of a plan
E)The implementation of the plan
Sally is a 3rd grade teacher who is also the classroom coordinator of a new student teacher,Sam.This student teacher is in his fourth years in the teacher education program and he has recently joined Sally's class to gain some experiences in teaching.Sam immediately faces problems in the classroom.It seems that he easily loses control of the students and this loss of control leads to further acting up.It is embarrassing for Sally who hears from other teachers that she is having a "free for all" in her room whenever Sam teaches.
Sally would like to study her own classroom and make some changes to help Sam become a better teacher.
Q2) In what way does Heil's project illustrate the cyclical nature of action research?
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