Diagnostic Laboratory Techniques
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive overview of diagnostic laboratory techniques commonly used in clinical and research settings. Students will explore the principles and applications of techniques such as microscopy, spectrophotometry, immunoassays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and electrophoresis. Emphasis is placed on sample collection, preparation, quality control, and interpretation of results. Through a combination of theoretical learning and practical laboratory exercises, students will gain hands-on experience with laboratory instruments and procedures essential for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and biomedical investigations.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Laboratory Mathematics 1st Edition by Mark Ball
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Chapter 1: Arithmetic and Algebra
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does the term "denominator" refer to?
A) The number by which a fraction is divided during reducing
B) The number located on the top of a fraction
C) The number of equal parts into which something is divided
D) The number of parts of something that are being considered
Answer: C
Q2) When a positive number is multiplied by a negative number,what sign will the value of the product always have?
A) Negative
B) Positive
C) Neither of the above
D) The sign will vary.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following best illustrates the commutative property of addition?
A) 5 + 3 + 2 = 10
B) 5 + (3 + 2) = (5 + 3) + 2
C) 5 + 3 + 2 = 20 - 6 - 4
D) 5 + 3 + 2 = 2 + 3 + 5
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Exponential Notation & Logarithms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following equations can be used to simplify the calculation of log25 ?
A) log25 + log6
B) log25 - log6
C) 6 × log25
D) 6 ÷ log25
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following expressions represents the same information as "x<sup>-n</sup>"?
A) \( \frac{1}{n^{x}} \)
B) \( \frac{1}{x^{n}} \)
C) \( \log _{n} x \)
D) \(\log_{x}n\)
Answer: B
Q3) What is another way of writing "ln 100"?
A) log(2.718)<sup>100</sup>
B) log(100)<sup>2.7182818</sup>
C) log(ln)<sup>100</sup>
D) log(10)<sup>100</sup>
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Rounding and the Significance of Figures
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the rule for determining the number of significant figures to include in the product of a calculation that combines multiplication and subtraction?
A) Apply the rules for figure significance before and after every step involving subtraction.
B) Complete the entire calculation and then round the final answer to have the same number of significant digits as the measurement with the most significant digits.
C) Match the number of significant digits in the operations involving multiplication and division to those involving addition or subtraction after performing the calculation.
D) Round each of the measurements in the calculation to have the same number of significant digits as the measurement with the least before beginning the calculation.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Systems of Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following equations describes the relationship between the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale?
A) K = °C + 273.15
B) K = (°C × \( \frac{9}{5} \) ) + 32
C) K = \( \frac{180^{\circ} \mathrm{F}}{100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}} \)
D) K = °C × 190
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Each increment on the Kelvin scale is considered 1°K.
B) Each increment on the Kelvin scale is equal to °C + 100.
C) Each increment on the Kelvin scale corresponds to the absence of thermal energy.
D) Each increment on the Kelvin scale is the same as an increment on the Celsius scale.
Q3) How does expressing terms in the unit mole simplify calculations?
A) It deletes zeros.
B) It is easier to convert the value to liters.
C) It minimizes the number of necessary calculations.
D) It reduces the value of the measurement.
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Chapter 5: Solutions and Concentrations
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the specific gravity of a solution?
A) The ratio of the concentration of a solute to the concentration of the solvent at 37°C
B) The ratio of the concentration of a solute to the density of water at 4°C
C) The ratio of the density of a solute to the density of the solvent at 37°C
D) The ratio of the density of a solution to the density of water at 4°C
Q2) What is the rule for determining an equivalent for calculating the normality of a base or salt solution?
A) An equivalent is the number of hydrogen atoms present in the base or salt.
B) An equivalent is the number of hydrogen ions with which it can theoretically combine.
C) An equivalent is the total number of hydroxide (OH ) groups divided by the number of hydrogen atoms present.
D) An equivalent is the total number of positively charged ions present in the molecule.
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Chapter 6: Dilutions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The initial volume of a sample is 100 L.It is diluted with saline by a factor of 4.The final volume is 400 L.Testing the diluted sample finds an analyte concentration of 25 g/mL.Which of the following expressions can be used to calculate the initial analyte concentration of this sample?
A) \( \frac{(400 \mu \mathrm{L})\left(\frac{25 \mu g}{\mathrm{~mL}}\right)}{100 \mu \mathrm{L}} \)
B) \( \frac{(100 \mu L)\left(\frac{25 \mu g}{m L}\right)}{400 \mu L} \)
C) \( \frac{(400 \mu \mathrm{L})(100 \mu \mathrm{L})}{\frac{25 \mu \mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{mL}}} \)
D) \( \frac{\text { (2) }\left(\frac{25 \mu g}{m L}\right)}{400 \mu \mathrm{L}} \)
Q2) What is an antibody titer?
A) The amount of antibody bound to a specific antigen in a sample
B) The amount of antibody present in a serum against a particular antigen
C) The concentration of all antibodies present in a sample
D) The volume of serum composed of antibodies
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Chapter 7: Proportionality, Graphs, and Rates of Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) A scientist quantifies substance A in a flask where chemical reactions are occurring.A plot of the amount of product as a function of time is a straight line with a slope of -0.8 mmol/second.The negative value of the slope indicates what?
A) The amount of substance A in the flask is decreasing over time.
B) The amount of substance A in the flask is increasing over time.
C) The amount of substance A in the flask remains constant over time.
D) None of the above
Q2) Consider the following equation: y = 2x + 4 What is the value of the y-intercept?
A) 0
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
Q3) Which of the following statements is true regarding the variables in an equation that produces a straight line with a negative slope?
A) The two variables move in opposite directions, and are proportional.
B) The two variables move in opposite directions, but are not proportional.
C) The two variables move in the same direction, and are proportional.
D) The two variables move in the same direction, but are not proportional.
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Chapter 8: Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A manufacturer-supplied sample of serum glucose is known to contain 85 mg/dL.A co-worker runs a test of the sample on a new piece of laboratory equipment and determines it to be 84 mg/dL.What can be inferred about the new laboratory equipment?
A) It is accurate.
B) It has no standard deviation.
C) It is precise.
D) Both A and C are correct.
Q2) When linear regression fails to fit a straight line to the data,what method can be applied to determine the relationship between two variables?
A) Coefficient determination
B) Expansion of the sum
C) Nonlinear regression
D) Specimen pairing
Q3) How does one calculate the mean of a data set?
A) Add all the values together and divide the sum by the number of values.
B) Add the largest and smallest value and divide the sum by 2.
C) Add the two largest values and divide the sum by the number of values.
D) Add the two middle values and divide the sum by 2.
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Chapter 9: Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) Serum vitamin B is highly unstable when exposed to light and can tolerate only a single absorbance reading before breaking down.Therefore,it is not possible to generate a standard curve for B .When the concentration of B must be ascertained in a patient specimen,how should the technician go about doing so?
A) Calculate the concentration of B directly from its absorbance in the solution using Beer's Law.
B) Determine the Km and Vm of B and apply those values to Ohm's Law to calculate the concentration of B .
C) Generate a standard curve using a more stable vitamin of similar chemical structure.
D) Measure transmittance of B and create a standard curve using transmittance against concentration.
Q2) The Beer-Lambert Law (also called "Beer's Law")defines the relationship between absorbance and what three other factors?
A) Concentration, molar absorptivity, and path length
B) Concentration, photon number, and wavelength
C) Molar absorptivity, path length, and photon number
D) Path length, photon number, and wavelength
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Chapter 10: Hematology
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a Miller disk is used to enumerate reticulocytes,which of the following counts are needed?
A) The number of red blood cells in both squares, and the number of reticulocytes in both squares
B) The number of red blood cells in both squares, and the number of reticulocytes in the small square
C) The number of red blood cells in the small square, and the number of reticulocytes in both squares
D) The number of red blood cells in the small square, and the number of reticulocytes in the small square
Q2) A clinical laboratory technician is asked to determine the concentration of red blood cells (RBCs)from a sample of turbid knee fluid using a hemacytometer.The technician dilutes the sample with normal saline and loads it onto the hemacytometer.A total of 400 red blood cells are counted over 5 squares.What additional information is required to calculate the concentration of RBCs?
A) The WBC count
B) The dilution factor
C) The number of platelets
D) The red-cell distribution width
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Quality Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a crucial feature of a substance used as a control?
A) It should be constructed from real human tissues or fluids.
B) It should be provided and maintained by the manufacturer of the assay or equipment.
C) It should be stored at 32°C to prevent degradation.
D) It should mimic the chemical and physical properties of a typical patient specimen.
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding constant systematic errors?
A) The slope and the x-intercept of the regression line are affected.
B) The slope of the regression line differs from the true value.
C) The x-intercept of the regression line becomes equal to the y-intercept.
D) The y-intercept of the regression line differs from the true value.
Q3) How can the effects of random error be minimized?
A) By averaging a large number of results
B) By having all tests performed by the same technician
C) By multiplying the results by a constant standard
D) By performing control tests in a fixed environment
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Chapter 12: Method Evaluation
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Sample Questions
Q1) When testing for medical conditions,when is a high efficiency most desired?
A) When only a false positive might cause harm
B) When the condition is both serious and treatable, and a false positive and false negative are equally injurious
C) When the suspected medical condition is serious but not treatable, and a false positive can cause harm
D) When the suspected medical condition is serious and treatable, and a false positive does not have harmful consequences
Q2) What does a recovery experiment test for?
A) Cholesterol concentrations
B) Interference
C) Proportional systematic error
D) Validity
Q3) Which of the following variables has a significant effect on the predictive value of a test?
A) The doctor diagnosing the condition
B) The prevalence of the condition
C) The severity of the condition
D) The volume of the patient's sample tested
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Page 14