Developmental Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Developmental Psychology explores the scientific study of how humans grow, change, and adapt across the lifespan from infancy through late adulthood. This course examines the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of individuals, drawing on major theories and research findings in the field. Students will investigate milestones and variations in development, the influence of genetics and environment, and the impact of culture, peers, and family. Contemporary topics such as attachment, moral development, language acquisition, identity formation, and the effects of technology on development are also discussed, preparing students to critically analyze developmental processes across diverse contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 2nd Edition by Robert V. Kail
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16 Chapters
2342 Verified Questions
2342 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
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146 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The biggest limitation of conducting correlational research is the lack of ability to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which two perspectives share the common feature of drawing attention to the role of aging and its unique influences in the broader context of human development?
A) the competence-environmental press and selective optimization withcompensation perspectives
B) the learning and psychodynamic perspectives
C) the life-span and life-course perspectives
D) the information-processing and ecological perspectives
Answer: C
Q3) A ____ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.
A) theory
B) prediction
C) correlation coefficient
D) structured observation
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth
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Q1) Which of the following describes one of the reasons why stress hormones that are elevated in women who are highly anxious during pregnancy can negatively impact the baby?
A) Stress-related hormones can block the flow of oxygen to the baby.
B) Stress-related hormones absorb essential vitamins and nutrients that are essential for healthy development.
C) Stress-related hormones increase the chances of the baby developing a stress-related mental illness later in life.
D) Stress-related hormones delay the onset of uterine contractions, which can lead to babies being born well after their due date.
Answer: A
Q2) The third stage of childbirth (labor) involves the expulsion of the afterbirth, also called the _______________.
Answer: placenta
Q3) A child who is born at a weight of less than 1000 grams would be referred to as having _______________ birth weight.
Answer: extremely low
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical,
Perceptual, and Motor Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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149 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A child's awareness of his or her own existence is usually well-established by the age of _______________ years.
Answer: two, 2
Q2) Marcus wants to know whether or not his daughter, Rebekah, can perceive different distances and depths. He wants to fashion a simple experiment to make this conclusion. Based on the work of Gibson and Walk, what sort of contraption could he build to test Rebekah's depth perception?
A) a visual cliff
B) an operant chamber
C) a Skinner box
D) a galvanic skin sensor
Answer: A
Q3) Modern industrial cultures tend to favor people who are _______________-handed, as you may see from the way simple objects and machines are often designed.
Answer: right
Q4) The cerebral cortex contains two halves-a left and a right-which are called
Answer: hemispheres
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Chapter 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language:
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) In _______________-directed speech, adults tend to speak very slowly and to exaggerate their changes in pitch and loudness.
Q2) Scott understands that when he counts his toy cars, there is one and only one number for each separate car. This demonstrates that Scott has mastered the principle of cardinality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Provide an example of how egocentrism, centration, and appearance as reality might affect the actions or thoughts of a child.
Q4) Which part of a newborn's brain appears to be the most sensitive to the use of language?
A) the frontal lobe
B) the right hemisphere
C) the left hemisphere
D) the parietal lobe
Q5) A child who counts numbers in a mixed up sequence, such as "4, 2, 1, 5, 8, 6," is demonstrating a failure to understand the _______________ principle.
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Q6) A(n) _______________ is an early infant vowel-like sound.
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Chapter 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Young Jim experiences the sadness of his friend Abdul when Abdul's dog runs away. Jim is exhibiting
A) empathy.
B) cooperation.
C) altruism.
D) sympathy.
Q2) Infants, like adults, tend to pay attention more rapidly to faces depicting ____ emotions and pay attention to those faces for longer.
A) negative
B) self-conscious
C) positive
D) complex
Q3) Research has found that fathers are more likely than mothers to treat their sons and daughters differently based on the child's sex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) "Girls should play with dolls," and "boys should roughhouse with each other" are both examples of gender _______________.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Text author Robert Kail won tickets to the Indianapolis 500 auto race by listing all the possible words that could be created from the words "SAFE RACE." This is an example of A) combinatorial reasoning.
B) animism.
C) functional fixedness.
D) object permanence.
Q2) The Binet-Simon test was the first to assess cognitive skills of children. Describe the intent of this test, how it ended up being used widely in the United States, and the scoring schemes that were developed as a result of these tests to quantify intelligence.
Q3) In 1916, a Stanford University professor adapted and revised the Binet and Simon's test and re-released it in the United States. That psychologist was ____.
A) David Wechsler
B) Sir Francis Galton
C) Robert Sternberg
D) Lewis Terman
Q4) Compare and contrast metacognitive knowledge and metamemory.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many countries in ____ have a strong cultural prohibition against using physical punishment with children.
A) Europe and Asia
B) Africa and the South Pacific
C) South America and North America
D) South America and Africa
Q2) With regard to the level of behavioral control parents assert over children, research finds that a(n) ____ amount of control is best for children.
A) low
B) moderate
C) high
D) extreme
Q3) What is the difference between instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression? Give an example of each type of aggression. Also, who are most likely to be victimized by such bullies?
Q4) The first way that children typically describe other people is through the use of _______________ features, such as behaviors or physical attributes.
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Chapter 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following chemicals, when released in the body, will initiate the biochemical changes that produce body hair?
A) phytogens
B) prolactins
C) androgens
D) estrogens
Q2) Individuals who exercise regularly-for at least _______________ minutes, at least _______________ times a week-reduce their risk for
Q3) Most deaths among adolescent males in the U.S. are due to natural causes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What would you predict would happen when Duke, a white supremacist teen, reads a scientific study indicating that Asians have higher IQs than whites?
A) He would dismiss the study as being flawed.
B) He would begin to reconsider his anti-Asian stance.
C) He would now view Asians as more intelligent.
D) He would now views Asians as even less intelligent.
Q5) The _______________ level is Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Moving into the Adult Social World:
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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145 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______________ tends to become more differentiated as children become adolescents, and develop the ability to evaluate themselves in many different domains.
Q2) Your authors describe a progression of sexual orientation discovery for males who are gay that involves three key components. Which of the following is the correct order of those components?
A) "feeling" different, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males
B) being attracted to other males, "feeling different," becoming interested in gender-atypical activities
C) "feeling" different, being attracted to other males, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities
D) becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males, "feeling different"
Q3) Donald Super has proposed a six-phase model of career development that begins in early adolescence and continues through late adulthood.
A)True
B)False
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Generally speaking, fluid intelligence tends to improve throughout adulthood, while crystallized intelligence declines during the same years.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How would neuroscientists explain the early adulthood shifts in behavior that are often seen in the early twenties?
A) There is a decrease in cortical activity in the diencephalon-the hypothalamus and thalamus-which in turn leads to a stabilizing of endocrine activities.
B) There is a thickening of the corpus callosum, so information can travel more readily across the cerebral hemispheres.
C) There is further development in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in higher level thinking processes.
D) There is increased myelination in the structures of the hindbrain-the pons, medulla, and cerebellum-which leads to greater control of impulsive behaviors.
Q3) A life-span construct refers to one's expectations about the future.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Being With Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Successful couples find a way to ____ in their relationship, and this is a very important determinant of marital satisfaction over longer periods of time.
A) tolerate each other's family members
B) keep separate interests active
C) avoid arguments
D) keep the romance alive
Q2) _______________ environments may be a more comfortable medium for people who are shy to make friends in an atmosphere of greater anonymity, where intimacy and interaction levels can be controlled.
Q3) Define cohabitation. Discuss recent trends in cohabitation both in the United States of American and in other cultures. Finally talk about the impact of cohabiting on an eventual marriage.
Q4) A commonly held belief that is not supported by research is that people who get married very shortly after a divorce, sometimes called the _______________ effect, will have a greater likelihood of going through a second divorce.
Q5) There is a continuum of abusive relationships that can occur toward a partner, with the most serious type of abusive behavior culminating in _______________.
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Chapter 12: Work: Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your authors suggest that reality shock in the workplace is a phenomenon that A) is decreased when one earns at least one graduate degree. B) affects women far more than men. C) is only prevalent in "skill" occupations. D) happens to everyone.
Q2) In a study conducted in India, both men and women gave higher "_______________" ratings to males than females working in the same job.
Q3) Backup care involves having one spouse take off a day of work to care for children when the other is unable to do so.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A growing need in the workplace is for ____ care, which provides emergency day care for children or dependent adults so that the employee does not need to lose a day of work.
A) backup
B) personal
C) occupational
D) individualized
Q5) According to Kahlil Gibran, "_______________ is love made visible."
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Chapter 13: Making It in Midlife: The Unique Challenges of Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aphrodite is going through menopause and is considering menopause hormone therapy. What symptoms should she expect to experience during menopause? What would you advise her to do concerning MHT? Use research presented in your text to explain why you would give her this advice.
Q2) The definition of aerobic exercise provided in your text is exercise that places moderate stress on the heart by maintaining a pulse rate of ____ to ____ percent of its maximum heart rate.
A) 75; 90
B) 40; 70
C) 50; 75
D) 60; 90
Q3) List and give a brief description of each of the Big Five personality traits.
Q4) Beginning in one's twenties, the protective cartilage in the joints can show signs of deterioration, such as thinning and becoming cracked and frayed. If these changes become pronounced they can lead to ____.
A) osteoarthritis
B) osteoporosis
C) atherosclerosis
D) myoclonic tachypnea
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which theory of aging would be most useful at explaining why muscle tissue and some arteries get stiffer over time, leading to potentially severe consequences?
A) free radical theory
B) cross-linking theory
C) programmed theory
D) wear-and-tear theory
Q2) A graphic technique that is used to illustrate population trends by showing the relative sizes of different age groups is called a ____.
A) histogram
B) population pyramid
C) frequency distribution
D) segmented bar graph
Q3) Damaged and dying neurons sometimes collect around a core of proteins, producing dendritic _______________ that can interfere with the functioning of other, healthy neurons.
Q4) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used to treat depression.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial,
Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Berthume is a 92-year-old gentleman. He is a widower, and has long since retired from his job. Berthume's health has been failing lately. He has many different illnesses, has begun suffering from dementia. His two adult sons have chosen to move him to a nursing home so that he can get the care that he needs, and one of them visits him every day. Berthume would best be classified as a(n) ________.
A) terminal patient
B) frail older adult
C) second-ager
D) victim of environmental press
Q2) The infliction of anguish, pain, or distress is a form of elder abuse called emotional or ________ abuse.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of older couples?
A) They have selective memory regarding the occurrence of negative events in their relationship.
B) They have a greater potential for pleasure with their partner.
C) They are similar in terms of their mental and physical health.
D) They have an increased potential for marital conflict.
Q4) What is a life review? How is this related to achieving integrity? What is the result of achieving integrity?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to terror management theory, what is the primary motive of human beings?
A) to achieve a sense of spiritual harmony
B) to make a difference
C) to continue our lives
D) to dominate others in our society and become an "alpha"
Q2) Dr. Martinelli is a therapist who adheres to the grief-work-as-rumination hypothesis. Each of these four clients comes to see her after experiencing the death of a close relative. Which one would Dr. Martinelli anticipate will get over the loss the fastest?
A) Charles, who has been talking about his feelings of loss and sadness with friends
B) Charlene, who has opted not to discuss her grief and tries not to think about it
C) Charlita, who is adhering to her religion's rules regarding the proper grieving and mourning processes
D) Charmaine, who visits the cemetery every day to visit the grave of the person she lost
Q3) The psychological side of coming to terms with a loss is called
Q4) Hospice is best thought of as an approach and not a physical place. Explain.
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