Culture and Society Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
This course explores the complex relationship between culture and society, examining how cultural beliefs, values, norms, and practices shape social life and influence individual and collective behavior. Through an interdisciplinary lens, students will analyze the ways in which culture is produced, transmitted, and transformed across different societies and historical periods. The course investigates topics such as identity, socialization, language, media, power dynamics, and cultural change, providing a framework for understanding diversity, conflict, and integration within contemporary societies. By engaging with case studies and theoretical perspectives, students develop critical thinking skills and a deeper appreciation for the role of culture in shaping human experience.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 4th Edition by Anthony Giddens
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Max Weber's theoretical contributions might be criticized for:
A)focusing narrowly on the individual
B)not taking into account the role of bureaucracy in modern societies
C)ignoring large social institutions
D)ignoring collective and democratic forms of organization that are common in modern societies
E)focusing too much on the experiences of women
Answer: D
Q2) When Juan drinks his morning coffee,he thinks about its production in Colombia,its transportation through many countries,the taxes and tariffs applied for international commerce,and the diverse array of social relations behind his drink.According to the text,one might say that Juan is using:
A)an internalized view of things
B)a psycho-pharmacological lens
C)a global perspective
D)a domestic view of labor
E)an individual framework of commodity production
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Q1) Juanita is studying why some behaviors and social relations seem to be a part of every human society.She is researching:
A)language
B)morality
C)marriage
D)material culture
E)cultural universals
Answer: E
Q2) Karl notes that in all human societies,people use symbols to communicate ideas to one another.Karl is taking note of:
A)language
B)morality
C)marriage
D)political economy
E)ethnographic methods
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percent of the elderly in the United States are foreign born?
A)12 percent
B)50 percent
C)20 percent
D)5 percent
E)45 percent
Answer: A
Q2) For most individuals in modern society,the agent of socialization that is most responsible for their early childhood development is:
A)their preschool
B)their friends at school
C)the television
D)the family
E)the government
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologists Deirdre Boden and Harvey Molotch argue that even with the growth of electronic communication such as text messaging and email,people have a strong need to interact in each other's presence.They call this concept:
A)focused interaction
B)compulsion of proximity
C)impression management
D)social status
E)social interaction
Q2) Which of the following is an example of the compulsion of proximity?
A)John and Irma went to high school together and reconnected on Facebook.
B)Maria and Thomas met online and communicated using email, text messages, and the phone on a regular basis, but they did not feel a real connection until they met in person for the first time over coffee.
C)Trevor and Alyssa broke up, and now they dislike having to see each other in their sociology class.
D)Travis and Alma do not know each other, but the bus they are on is very crowded, which forces them to rub shoulders
E)None of the above is correct.
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Robert Michels's concept of the "iron law of oligarchy":
A)Societies dominated by large-scale organizations will turn us all into machines.
B)In large-scale organizations, power is inevitably concentrated at the top.
C)Power is concentrated at the bottom in large-scale organizations.
D)Large-scale organizations will become more concentrated until there are only a few organizations.
E)Power is evenly distributed in large-scale organizations.
Q2) Explain how the Internet affects social relationships and social networks.Explain how it can have both a positive and a negative impact.
Q3) People milling around in crowds,waiting for a bus,or strolling on a beach make up a:
A)social group
B)social triad
C)social aggregate
D)social category
E)social network
Q4) Compare transformational leadership and transactional leadership.Give an example of each from your own experience or from your knowledge of history.
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Q1) Which of the following statements concerning youth and crime is NOT true?
A)As young people gradually transition into adulthood, they acquire social attachments and commitments that make "conventional" behavior rewarding.
B)Most youthful deviants go on to become career criminals.
C)Trends in drug use have shifted away from hard drugs such as heroin and toward combinations of substances such as amphetamines, prescription drugs like OxyContin, alcohol, and the drug ecstasy.
D)Taking illegal drugs is often defined in racial, class, and cultural terms.
E)When crack cocaine appeared in the 1980s, it was quickly defined by the media as the drug of choice for black, inner-city kids who listened to hip-hop.
Q2) Violent crime is more common:
A)in suburbs than in cities or small towns
B)in small towns than in cities or suburbs
C)today than in the early 1990s
D)in the United States than in Switzerland
E)in countries where handguns and other firearms are banned
Q3) Discuss the ways in which deviance is functional.Give examples.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Q1) Which of the following best explains why Latino household income has stagnated and fallen far behind that of white households?
A)a culture of poverty among Latinos that discourages achievement and saving money
B)the large number of immigrants from Mexico and Latin America that are in low-wage jobs
C)high unemployment among Latinos
D)high divorce rate among Latinos
E)none of the above; there is no income gap
Q2) The lower class has a higher percentage of __________ than any other class in the United States.
A)bilingual speakers
B)educators
C)men
D)nonwhites
E)children
Q3) What are the differences in average income and wealth between whites,African Americans,and Latinos? What are the sociological explanations for why these gaps exist?
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Q1) Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of the four competing sociological theories that explain global inequality.
Q2) According to the text,all of the following are contributing factors to food shortages and hunger throughout the globe EXCEPT:
A)the unsustainable, largely vegetarian diets of most of the world
B)internal warfare
C)the AIDS epidemic
D)drought
E)the inability to pay for new technologies that would increase food production
Q3) The text defines global inequality as:
A)the difference in gross domestic product between nations
B)the systematic differences in wealth and power that exist between countries
C)the structural difference in access to political power between continents
D)the systematic ability of a given nation to exert influence over another
E)income difference between citizens of different nations
Q4) How do market-oriented theories explain global inequality?
Q5) How do state-centered theories explain global inequality?
Q6) What is the role of technology in deepening existing global inequalities?
Q7) How do dependency theorists explain global inequality?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Q1) John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged by management to apply for the vacant principal position at his school.Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers,he is told he will get excellent recommendations.In this example,John:
A)is hitting the glass ceiling
B)is riding the glass escalator
C)is experiencing gender typing
D)is experiencing sex segregation
E)is experiencing comparable worth
Q2) People begin to treat children in specific ways because of their gender:
A)from the moment they are born
B)when they begin kindergarten
C)at the onset of puberty
D)when they enter college
E)when they enter the labor force
Q3) Using the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert,the bacha posh in Afghanistan,and the nádleehí in Navajo culture as support,discuss how gender can be seen as a social construction.
Q4) What are comparable worth policies? What are some reasons why comparable worth policies are not widely adopted?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Which category of full-time workers had the lowest weekly earnings in 2009?
A)black women
B)white women
C)black men
D)white men
E)there was no difference in weekly earnings by race or gender
Q2) Blaming immigrants for high unemployment rates is an example of:
A)scapegoating
B)victimizing
C)racializing
D)institutional racism
E)discrimination
Q3) The term that describes the differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals is:
A)ethnicity
B)ethnocentrism
C)race
D)racism
E)heredity
Q4) What is institutional racism? Give examples.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) Which type of society would Talcott Parsons consider the "conventional family" most suitable for?
A)hunting and gathering
B)agrarian
C)traditional civilizations
D)industrial society
E)postmodern society
Q2) The U.S.census estimates that in 2010,there were __________ same-sex families in the United States.
A)90,000
B)300,000
C)900,000
D)3,000,000
E)9,000,000
Q3) According to Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas,why do low-income women continue to have children out of wedlock,when they can hardly afford to do so?
Q4) According to Andrew Cherlin,what are the effects of divorce on children?
Q5) Discuss the differences in family patterns between white and black families.Discuss the research of Carol Stack in your answer.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) What are the connections between education and employment?
Q2) What are some of the reasons there are many illiterate people in the developing world?
Q3) Why is education considered a social institution?
Q4) Alienation can be described as:
A)the ways that humans relate to foreign and alien ideas
B)the patterns of behaviors that societies use to distinguish themselves from outsiders
C)the sense that our own abilities as human beings are taken over by other entities
D)a sense of ownership
E)a profound degree of mastery and knowledge
Q5) How do religious groupings in the United States vary by region and socioeconomic status,according to the text?
Q6) What are some arguments for privatization of the educational system?
Q7) How is religion connected to both violence and social change?
Q8) What is the theory of religious economy?
Q9) How do religion and education act as socializing agents?
Q10) What are some theories for why schooling has developed as it has in modern society?
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Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Q1) Jennifer works in a factory that manufactures microwave ovens.During her eight-hour shift,she tightens four screws on each unit that passes on an assembly line belt.She performs this task on more than 1,500 microwave ovens per day.Her work is an example of whose innovation in industry?
A)Max Weber
B)Karl Marx
C)Adam Smith
D)Henry Ford
E)Ernst Young
Q2) Rick is a sociologist who specializes in the study of labor issues.Which of the following explanations would he probably be LEAST likely to cite to explain the difficulties faced by labor unions since 1980?
A)Older manufacturing industries have declined while the service sector has risen.
B)There has been a recession in world economic activity associated with high levels of unemployment.
C)The intensity of international competition has increased.
D)Trends toward more flexible production have begun.
E)Increased globalization has strengthened workers' bargaining power.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Q1) Yu spends most of his time in the countryside picking herbs to use in his place of work.He dries the herbs and makes teas and elixirs for his customers,who are ill people who distrust doctors and Western medicine in general.His clients use his concoctions to treat their maladies instead of going to a doctor.What term do sociologists use to describe Yu's practices?
A)alternative medicine
B)faith healing
C)complementary medicine
D)herbal remedy cures
E)elixirology
Q2) Which of Corbin and Strauss's types of "work" involves the process of incorporating an illness into one's life,making sense of it,and developing ways of explaining it to others?
A)illness work
B)coping work
C)everyday work
D)adapting work
E)biographical work
Q3) How do social class and race affect health?
Q4) Compare complementary and alternative medicine.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Q1) One of the key factors responsible for the global population explosion has been:
A)the decline in the infant mortality rate
B)an increase in the fertility rate
C)an increase in fecundity
D)decreased use of birth control
E)an increase in the use of fertility technology
Q2) Data from the 2000 census reveal that both urban and suburban neighborhoods are highly:
A)populated by whites and blacks, while Latinos live in rural areas
B)racially integrated
C)segregated by race
D)populated by nonwhites, while rural areas are mostly white
E)populated by single people, while married couples and families live in rural areas
Q3) Which of the following jobs most closely illustrates the informal economy?
A)a used-book vendor on the streets of New York City
B)a secretary at a multinational paper-manufacturing company
C)a sociology professor
D)unionized garbage workers in the northeastern United States
E)Wal-Mart employees
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Q1) According to Karl Marx,the primary source of conflict that leads to revolution is:
A)change in the forces of production
B)change in the minds of the bourgeoisie
C)change in the minds of the proletariat
D)the political system
E)religion
Q2) In the past,humans experienced famine and floods,or __________; today,as a result of globalization,humans now face __________ created by the effects of our own knowledge and technology on the natural world.
A)external risk; manufactured risk
B)manufactured risk; external risk
C)natural risk; manufactured risk
D)hyper-risk; manufactured risk
E)evolutionary risk; global risk
Q3) Discuss the cultural impacts of globalization.Do you think these are more a matter of "cultural imperialism" or "fragmentation of cultural forms"? Justify your position.
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