Cross-Cultural Studies Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Studies explores the ways in which culture shapes human experience, communication, values, and behavior across diverse societies. The course examines intercultural interactions, adaptation, and the challenges that arise in a globalized world. Students analyze cultural norms, belief systems, and social structures through case studies and theoretical frameworks, developing the skills necessary to identify cultural differences, challenge ethnocentrism, and foster effective intercultural communication and understanding in professional and personal contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 16th Edition by Conrad Phillip Kottak
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15 Chapters
963 Verified Questions
963 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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53 Verified Questions
53 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anthropologists agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchers are diligent in their work.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share?
A)There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail.
B)A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnography.
C)We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society.
D)Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions.
E)A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition. Answer: E
Q3) Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are evidence of the tendency to view culture as a process EXCEPT
A)analysis that attempts to establish boundaries between cultures.
B)practice theory.
C)attention to agency in anthropological analysis.
D)interest in public, collective, and individual dimensions of day-to-day life.
E)interest in how acts of resistance can make and remake culture.
Answer: A
Q2) Cultural particularities are unique to certain cultures, while cultural generalities are common to several (but not all) cultures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Hunting is a distinctive human activity not shared with the apes. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic field technique of the ethnographer?
A)structured interviewing
B)life histories
C)random sampling
D)working with informants
E)the genealogical method
Answer: C
Q2) Among the classic works of processual approaches to culture is Edmund Leach's Political Systems of Highland Burma.This study made a tremendously important point by taking a regional rather than a local perspective.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The emic perspective focuses on local explanations of criteria and significance.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s responsible for?
A)It fueled the general expansion of the U.S.educational system, including academic anthropology.
B)It promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s.
C)It brought anthropology into most high school curricula.
D)It produced a new interest in ethnic diversity.
E)It worked to shrink the world system.
Q2) Who was studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States?
A)the Koreans and English
B)the Yanomami and Betsileo
C)the Malagasy
D)the Germans and Japanese
E)the Brazilians and Indonesians
Q3) Discuss the relevance of the ethnographic method for modern society, contemporary problems, and applied anthropology.
Q4) Discuss ethical dilemmas and possible solutions with respect to the kinds of applied anthropology discussed in this chapter.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups come into contact with one another.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is an example of what Bourdieu calls symbolic domination in the context of language use?
A)in an egalitarian society, the promotion of linguistic diversity
B)pride in one's linguistic heritage, regardless of what the majority thinks
C)the fact that in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior
D)focal vocabulary contrasts among groups
E)Chomsky's insistence that the universal grammar defines all culture
Q3) What is the term for the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions?
A)displacement
B)diglossia
C)productivity
D)morphemic utility
E)phonemic utility
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) Colonialism often erected boundaries that corresponded poorly with preexisting cultural divisions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Basque people, one of Europe's most distinctive ethnic groups, have maintained a strong ethnic identity and a language that is unrelated to any other known language.Which of the following was a result of the forced assimilation campaign to ban speaking and using Basque in print?
A)Ethnic pride in the Basque people is now diminished.
B)Basque parents, ashamed of their ethnicity, are refusing to teach their children their language, opting for their full immersion in schools that teach in the national language.
C)Speaking Basque became taboo among the Basque people.
D)Strong nationalist sentiment and Basque terrorist groups were created in the Basque region.
E)Basque is now an extinct language.
Q3) The term hypodescent refers to individuals who are racially pure.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Making a Living
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64 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other modern, agricultural, and industrial communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to Paleolithic foragers?
A)There are no present-day foragers.
B)The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn.
C)Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood.
D)Paleolithic foragers were pre-linguistic.
E)Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens.
Q3) Agriculturalists tend to live in permanent villages that are larger and closer to other settlements than the semipermanent settlements of horticulturalists.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Political Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrast the Inuit and Yanomami with respect to their reasons for disputes, the effectiveness of their means of resolving disputes, and how they enforce decisions about resolving disputes.
Q2) The Inuit song battle is
A)sometimes the occasion for a "treacherous feast."
B)a widespread feature of tribal society.
C)a ritualized means of designating hunting lands.
D)a means of resolving disputes so as to forestall open conflict.
E)used to initiate colonial strategies.
Q3) According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault, it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does one distinguish between a chiefdom and a state? Is this a useful distinction? Is it always easy to make such a distinction?
Q5) Discuss ways in which order is maintained in societies that lack chiefs and rulers.
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrast gender roles in two of the following: A) foraging societies; B) matrilineal-matrilocal societies; C) patrilineal-patrilocal societies; D) pastoralists; and E) agriculturalists.
Q2) Cross-culturally, the subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Based on research in the 1960s, which of the following statements about Etoro conceptions of heterosexual intercourse is NOT true?
A)It was thought to sap a man's vitality.
B)Women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches.
C)Such sex was permitted only a hundred days a year.
D)It was permitted to take place only in the couple's residence.
E)It was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death.
Q4) What is the relationship between gender stratification and economic roles? Do these relationships apply equally to all types of societies, regardless of the type of productive activity? Why or why not?
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11
Chapter 10: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two basic social units of foraging societies?
A)the band and the clan
B)the lineage and the nuclear family
C)the extended family and the clan
D)the nuclear family and the band
E)the band and the extended family
Q2) U.S.kinship calculation is bilateral, traced equally through males and females; for example, father and mother.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Like race, kinship is a cultural construction, in that it exhibits considerable cultural diversity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following kin types is NOT ego's lineal relative?
A)M
B)B
C)MM
D)F
E)FF
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Chapter 11: Marriage
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Sample Questions
Q1) The rise in female employment in the United States, especially in professional careers, when coupled with ________, has dramatically increased household incomes in the upper classes.This pattern has been one factor sharpening the contrast in household income between the richest and poorest populations of Americans.
A)homogamy
B)serial monogamy
C)endogamy
D)sororal polygyny
E)exogamy
Q2) The biological degeneration explanation for the incest taboo has won over supporters because of universal concerns about biology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Native American berdaches were permitted to marry men.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The children of your father's sister are called your cross cousins.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cargo cults, syncretic religions that mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs, are
A)culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another.
B)a religious response to the expansion of the world capitalist economy, often with political and economic consequences.
C)cultural acts that mock the widespread but erroneous belief of European cultural supremacy.
D)just like religious fundamentalism in that they are ancient cultural phenomena enjoying a rebirth in current world affairs.
E)antimodernist movements that reject anything Western.
Q2) Antimodernism is a rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, better way of life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior by instilling strong motivations to behave properly.
A)True
B)False
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14
Chapter 13: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the impact the media have on your daily life.From what sources do you have access to popular culture? Which are your favorites, and why?
Q2) Among the Kalabari, wood sculptures represent the highest form of purely artistic representation of loved ones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Folk art, music, and lore refer to the
A)unrefined manifestations of human creativity produced by illiterate societies.
B)expressive cultures of ordinary people.
C)forms of artistic expression found in the New World prior to the arrival of Columbus. D)forms of artistic expression that exist independently of any given cultural system.
E)manifestations of human creativity that siblings exchange with their progenitors.
Q4) All art is objectively beautiful.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?
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Chapter 14: The World System and Colonialism
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Sample Questions
Q1) English national income tripled between 1700 and 1815 and increased 30 times more by 1939.Standards of comfort rose, as did prosperity for all but a select few.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between capitalists and workers in the core nations, and workers on the periphery.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The distinction between small-c communism and large-C Communism is an example of arbitrary concepts defined in the social sciences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is made up of the people who must sell their labor to survive.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Forces influencing production and consumption are no longer restricted by national boundaries.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Anthropology has always been concerned with how environmental forces influence humans, and how human activities affect the biosphere and the Earth itself.The 1950s through the 1970s witnessed the emergence of an area of study known as cultural ecology or ecological anthropology.This field
A)focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human populations adapt to their environment.
B)studied etic perspectives on human-environment relationships.
C)is no longer relevant, because it dealt with research models that were either regional or local, but not global enough to account for the changes caused by climate change.
D)has limited present value, because it is not scientifically rigorous enough to address environmental problems.
E)studied human-environment relations as cultural constructions and analyzed them as "texts."
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17