Cross-Cultural Psychology
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Psychology explores how cultural factors influence human behavior, thought processes, and emotions. The course examines theories, research methods, and findings that highlight similarities and differences across cultures in areas such as perception, cognition, development, social relationships, and mental health. Students learn how cultural contexts shape psychological functioning and are introduced to key issues such as cultural adaptation, intercultural communication, and the impact of globalization. Through lectures, discussions, and case studies, the course encourages critical thinking about ethnocentrism and promotes an appreciation for diversity in psychological practice and research.
Recommended Textbook
Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 2nd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung
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Chapter 1: Health Psychology: Setting the Stage
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Sample Questions
Q1) Members of different cultures use different definitions of health,which in turn vary from place to place.This highlights the importance of studying the general concept of:
A)religion
B)context
C)geography
D)psychology
Answer: B
Q2) The analytical research question whether men or women have a higher occurrence of heart attacks is called:
A)regression analysis
B)cross-sectional
C)absolute risk
D)odds ratio
Answer: D
Q3) Ayurveda is an ancient Native American system of medicine that focuses on the body,the sense organs,the mind and the soul.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cultural Approaches to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Sub-Saharan Africa,diviners are typically:
A)men
B)herbalists
C)women
D)elders
Answer: C
Q2) Individuals in the sweat lodge experience hallucinations that connect to spirit guides or provide insight into personal conditions.The hallucinations are a result of a toxicity that occurs during this ceremony.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Many African cultures rely on traditional healers called:
A)sangomas
B)yogis
C)sadhus
D)curanderismos
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Essential Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main lines of entry for viruses and bacteria is:
A)through skin and different openings of the body
B)by having direct contact with the sebum.
C)having a reduced immunosystem from not taking daily vitamins
D)from being dropped by unhealthy T cells as they are being transported through the lymphatic system
Answer: A
Q2) Schaie (1993),found in a longitudinal study that the majority of the participants in the study showed no significant decline in most mental abilities until the age of:
A)65
B)70
C)81
D)92
Answer: C
Q3) The pituitary gland produces the hormone oxytocin.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Stress Across Cultures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Measuring stress of an individual can be accomplished by:
A)asking the individual in a questionnaire such as the Life Experiences Survey
B)extrapolating data from government reports
C)assuming that the individual has the same stress as others in their cultural group
D)asking family members their perception of the stress level of an individual
Q2) According to Brofrenbrenner (1977),work and home are examples of:
A)microsystems
B)mesosystem
C)role theory
D)reciprocity
Q3) Chronic stress is best defined by:
A)running from a bee or wasp to avoid being stung
B)the allostatic load can cause heart and memory problems
C)dealing with the phone ringing off the wall from election campaigns and business solicitors
D)dealing with a sprained wrist
Q4) Psychologically speaking,work or occupational stress can arise from a number of factors.Nine factors are mentioned in your textbook.List five of these factors and write a short example for each one.
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Chapter 5: Coping and Social Support
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who have high levels of social support often cope better than people with low levels of social support.In this case,social support can be said to be a(n):
A)anti-stressor
B)coping mechanism
C)mediator
D)moderator
Q2) Carlos wants to set up a routine exercise schedule.From what you have learned about exercise and stress reduction,what could you tell Carlos about how exercise affects stress?
A)Exercise must be completed for one hour each day in order for any benefits to be seen in stress studies.
B)Individuals who follow an exercise routine have lower pulse and mean arterial pressure when put under stress.
C)Individuals who exercise put them selves at risk of cardiovascular disease if they are also working under stressful conditions.
D)Exercise does not affect stress at all
Q3) What are McCrae and Costa (1987)Big 5 personality traits,and what are their characteristics?
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Chapter 6: Models of Behavior Change
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Q1) Discuss health care changes that you have personally accomplished or would like to accomplish in the future,and explain the stages of progression toward this goal using the Transtheoretical Model.
Q2) Regarding culture and the Health Belief Model,what are some specific beliefs held by cultural groups that can be seen as barriers in receiving health care?
Q3) One of the personality traits most often associated with more healthy behaviors is:
A)conscientiousness
B)extraversion
C)neuroticism
D)open to experience
Q4) Personality plays a big role in health.For example,people high in the trait of _____ report more medical problems and more visit to the doctor.
A)conscientiousness
B)open to experience
C)extraversion
D)neuroticism
Q5) What are some of the biological factors that determine health behaviors?
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8
Chapter 7: Health Behaviors: Eating, Physical Activity,
Smoking and Drinking
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Q1) Native Americans have high rates of:
A)congenital heart failure
B)diabetes
C)arthritis
D)pancreatic cancer
Q2) It may be possible that wine drinkers may be:
A)more prone to alcoholism
B)more prone to weight gain
C)may be better off economically,and may eat better and exercise more
D)no better off health wise then those who drink other types of alcohol
Q3) Which of the following is an innate food preference?
A)sour
B)salty
C)sweet
D)fatty
Q4) The odds of smoking are greater for older women who:
A)are widowed
B)who do not live near family members
C)earn more money
D)have less income and lower education
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Chapter 8: Factors Surrounding Illness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tony monitors his symptoms to an extreme level,makes repeated trips to the doctor for the smallest symptom,and blows symptoms out of proportion.He is likely to be:
A)a hypochondriac
B)an extrovert
C)an agreeable personality
D)demonstrating self-efficacy
Q2) In the optimal mode of interaction between a provider and a patient,the doctor still takes the primary role in diagnosis and treatment,but the patient plays a part by answering questions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain how cultural diversity among health care staff can affect the care of patients.Please give three examples of cultural issues that can affect a patient's care.
Q4) Nonadherence of treatment can cause:
A)morbidity
B)an improvement of medical symptoms
C)a cost savings in the patients healthcare costs
D)None of the above is true
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10
Chapter 9: Pain
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pain or nociception,can best be defined as the:
A)activation of nerve fibers signaling tissue damage
B)activation of specific sensory areas of the brain
C)being hurt in body or spirit
D)experiencing severe physical or psychological discomfort
Q2) Pain that is purely physiological with a minimal psychological component is referred to as:
A)neurogenic
B)psychogenic
C)somatosensory
D)neuropathic
Q3) Tanya has flipped her canoe and lost the large fish she just caught.She has cut her hand,but does not notice due to:
A)the possibility that her optimistic state influenced the transmission of pain
B)the fact she has not noticed the cut
C)she has not appraised her wound is severe
D)All of the above are true.
Q4) Pain tends to decrease in frequency as we age.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Chronic Illness, Terminal Illness, and Death
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Q1) Social support is the sociocultural factor that has garnered the most research attention.How does social support influence adjustment to chronic illnesses?
Q2) Culver et al.(2004)tested for differences in coping responses in middle-class African Americans,Latinos,and European American women with early-stage breast cancer.They found only two differences in coping.Compared with European American women the other two groups used this type of coping more:
A)meditation
B)humor-based
C)mental imaging
D)religion-based
Q3) Women coping with an illness who benefit the most from educational groups,and peer discussion groups are those who lack support from:
A)their children
B)their friends
C)partners or doctors
D)community
Q4) How does religion play a role in coping with chronic illnesses?
Q5) How do cultural variations affect the process of death and dying?
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Chapter 11: Psychoneuroimmunology and Hiv
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Q1) The most common ethnic group to be diagnosed with AIDS in American is:
A)Chinese American
B)African American
C)Native American
D)Mexican American
Q2) Which of the following sexual intercourse behavior is more likely to infect someone with HIV?
A)female to female transmission
B)female to male transmission
C)male to female transmission
D)All of these are statistically equal in HIV transmission.
Q3) Some people newly infected with HIV report:
A)depression
B)hyperactivity
C)flu-like symptoms
D)cold-like symptoms
Q4) Given the fatal course of HIV infection,what psychological factors could explain why people would still continue to engage in unsafe sexual practices/drug use?
Q5) How do psychological factors influence the progression of AIDS?
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Chapter 12: Culture and Cancer
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Q1) Eating too much _____ is one of the critical dietary risk factors for cancer.
A)fiber
B)protein
C)fat
D)carbohydrates
Q2) The most common sites for cancer are:
A)lungs,breast,and prostrate gland
B)bone,kidney and liver
C)brain,liver and spleen
D)stomach,esophagus,larynx
Q3) Not all cells with abnormal cell growth are cancerous.The type of uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue is referred to as:
A)neoplasmic
B)malignant
C)benign
D)mutant
Q4) What are some of the beliefs that some traditional Native Americans have about cancer?
Q5) How does immunotherapy activate the body's own immune system to fight cancer?
Q6) What are the four main types of cancer,and where are they located?
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Chapter 13: Culture and Cardiovascular Disease
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Q1) Diabetics are at a very low risk of coronary disease.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What physiological factors predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease?
Q3) In a study with Swedish participants,the researchers found:
A)that elders with high social participation had second heart attacks
B)that individuals with low social participation were more than twice as likely to have another heart attack than those with high social participation
C)that individuals with high social participation were more than twice as likely to have another heart attack than those with low social participation
D)women with high social participation had heart attacks
Q4) A patient in a cardiac rehabilitation program frequently will learn how to:
A)increase physical activity,and improve social support
B)reduce salt intake
C)take aspirin everyday
D)All of the these are true
Q5) How does diet play a role in cardiovascular disease?
Q6) What developmental issues throughout the lifespan tie in to cardiovascular disease?
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Chapter 14: The Future of Health Psychology
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Q1) What have you learned about health disparities in the United States?
Q2) The use of behavioral telehealth is different from conventional health care in that:
A)there is an increase in face-to-face contact with a health care provider
B)it costs less then conventional health care
C)there may be no or little face-to-face contact with a healthcare provider
D)it can not be used for remote locations
Q3) Even though there is a strong need for academic curricula to be culturally diverse,why has there not been enough cultural research?
Q4) The ethnic group that use the Internet for health information the most is:
A)non-Latino European Americans
B)Latinas
C)Latinos
D)Puerto Ricans
Q5) A more comprehensive approach to interventions will be one that has _____ different dimensions.
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
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