Course Introduction
Criminal Behavior Study Guide Questions
This course explores the origins, patterns, and theories of criminal behavior, emphasizing psychological, sociological, and biological perspectives. Students will examine the factors influencing why individuals commit crimes, including personality traits, upbringing, social environment, and mental health issues. The curriculum also covers major typologies of criminal offenders, the developmental pathways to crime, and the implications for prevention, intervention, and criminal justice policy. By integrating research findings and case studies, this course provides a comprehensive understanding of the complexities underlying criminal actions.
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Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following behaviors are criminal only when committed by a child or youth?
A) Shoplifting a candy bar
B) Drinking alcohol
C) Speeding
D) Joyriding
Answer: B
Q2) Human conduct that is in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws" is a definition of
A) criminology
B) crime
C) criminal
D) deviance
Answer: B
Q3) The primacy of sociology should not prevent criminologists from recognizing contributions from other perspectives.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?
A) Increasing job opportunities will reduce crime
B) Crime rates increased in the past year
C) Poverty is a root cause of illegal drug use
D) Requiring everyone to earn a high school degree will lead to a reduction in crime
Answer: C
Q2) Findings from qualitative studies are expressed numerically.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) During the Golden Age of Theory, there was a systematic attempt to link criminological research to theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ___________ method. Answer: experimental/scientific
Q5) A(n) ____ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality. Answer: theory
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of natural law influenced the U.S. Constitution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a mala in se offense?
A) Gambling
B) Premarital sexual behavior
C) Drug use
D) Theft
Answer: D
Q3) The death penalty appears to be an effective general deterrent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The Panopticon was designed by
A) William Sumner.
B) Cesare Beccaria.
C) John Locke.
D) Jeremy Bentham.
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Q1) List and explain the key fundamental assumptions of biological theories of crime causation.
Q2) Observed ________ differences in crime rates in Washington, D.C. may be due to biological differences between the sexes.
Q3) According to William Sheldon, _______ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.
A) ectomorphs
B) mesomorphs
C) endomorphs
D) balanced types
Q4) Which of the following would be most characteristic of a contemporary biological theorist?
A) A study looking at facial features and body type as indicators of criminality
B) An examination of family trees to identify inherited criminal traits
C) A focus on diet and environmental contaminants as a way of explaining behavior
D) A theory that downplays the role of the social environment in producing behavior
Q5) Explain Konrad Lorenz's view of biological aggression and modern crime.
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Q1) What are some of the major findings of modern genetic research in criminology? What does this suggest about human behavior in relation to social and physical environments?
Q2) What is the effect of stress on brain structure?
A) Stress does not have any effect on brain structure
B) Long-term exposure to high-level stress can reduce cognition
C) Long-term exposure to low-level stress can produce neuroplasticity
D) Short-term exposure to stress can increase brain development
Q3) Cultural changes in our society have resulted in a significant increase in female involvement in crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The myth of the __________ holds that human nature is essentially good.
A) blank slate
B) noble savage
C) ghost in the machine
D) epigenesis
Q5) Competitive/victimizing behavior is largely fueled by androgens.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation.
A) alternative
B) autoplastic
C) antiplastic
D) alloplastic
Q2) According to Dollard, _______ is violence directed against something or someone who is not the source of the original frustration.
A) repression
B) catharsis
C) transference
D) displacement
Q3) _________ theory emphasizes generalized knowledge about specific types of situations that is stored in the mind.
Q4) According to attachment theory, delinquent behavior arises when nonsecure attachments are created.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
Q5) Freud saw aggressive behavior as a natural response to _______.
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociological theories attempt to predict the specific behavior of a given individual.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Cloward and Ohlin, __________ describes preexisting subcultural paths to success that are not approved of by the wider culture.
Q3) Claiming that "I only beat up drunks" is an example of the neutralization technique of
Q4) Matza described drift as hard determinism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A wealthy and socially privileged individual may still experience relative deprivation. A)True
B)False
Q6) According to Elijah Anderson, contemporary street code emphasizes the issue of
Q7) Messner and Rosenfeld's relative deprivation theory blames the __________ for most criminal activity.
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adolescence-limited offenders tend to fail in school and become involved in delinquency at an early age.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not a social process theory?
A) Dramaturgical perspective
B) Labeling theory
C) Strain theory
D) Social learning theory
Q3) What does labeling theory tell us about the individual in relation to the justice system? Explain with examples.
Q4) Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should emphasize prosocial bonds.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The meaningful roles and activities provided for individuals by society are important __________ containments.
Q6) __________ theory has been criticized for a lack of firm empirical support.
Q7) Social process theories are also known as __________ perspectives.
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Donald Black sees the fundamental cause of conflict as the movement of social time. A)True
B)False
Q2) Donald Black's argues that conflict increases with the speed and intensity of A) social time.
B) social interaction.
C) static conditions.
D) moral time.
Q3) A demand for the elimination of the traditional divisions of power and labor between the sexes would probably come from a(n) __________ feminist.
A) socialist
B) radical
C) liberal
D) Marxist
Q4) The main tenant of ________ feminism is the oppression of women caused by their subordinate working-class status in capitalist societies.
Q5) Miami's drug court is an example of a(n) __________ program.
Q6) According to George Vold, laws are a(n) __________ statement
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) For which of the following studies would you definitely want to use NIBRS rather than the UCR?
A) A study examining changes in the overall crime rate in the U.S. over time
B) A study examining crime patterns in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s
C) A study examining rates of motor vehicle thefts in the U.S. today
D) A study examining co-occurring victimization in a given offense
Q2) The dark figure of crime refers to
A) crime that occurs at night.
B) crime that is not reported to the police.
C) crimes committed by the police.
D) bias crimes.
Q3) What is the main goal of Vision 21?
A) To change the way victims of crime are treated in the U.S.
B) To ensure the passage of a federal Victims' Rights Amendment
C) To make certain that every state develops a comprehensive state-wide victim compensation program
D) To increase funding to victim assistance programs throughout the U.S.
Q4) __________________ refers to continued victimization of the same victim by the same offender committing the same type of crime.
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Q1) Congress required that statistics on prison rape be collected as part of the
Q2) Which of the following is not typical of an aggravated assault offender?
A) Lower socioeconomic status
B) Prior arrest record
C) African American male
D) Evidence of offense specialization
Q3) Health care workers are at particular risk of which type of workplace violence?
A) Violent acts by criminals otherwise unconnected to the workplace
B) Violence directed at employees by customers or clients
C) Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee
D) Violence committed by someone who is not connected to the workplace but who has a personal relationship with an employee
Q4) The term __________ assault has been adopted to avoid the bias inherent in terms such as woman battering and wife assault.
Q5) The _________ perspective on rape assumes that rape often includes an uncontrollable sexual impulse.
Q6) __________ homicides are generally motivated by interpersonal hostility.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) Avocational receivers are usually professional fences.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following vehicles is not included in the UCR's definition of motor vehicle theft?
A) Automobiles
B) Motorcycles
C) Snowmobiles
D) Airplanes
Q3) List and define the four major property crimes, according to the FBI.
Q4) The majority of individuals involved in arson are
A) juveniles.
B) young adults.
C) middle-aged individuals.
D) senior citizens
Q5) The goal of a(n) __________ burglar may be only to look around, not to actually take anything.
Q6) According to Mike Maguire's typology, ________ burglars are professionals.
Q7) Explore the concept of burglary within a sexual context. Compare this type of burglary with traditional burglary.
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) Why do Hirschi and Gottfredson conclude that white-collar criminality is less common as the types of criminality found among the lower classes?
A) People who have the opportunity to commit white-collar crimes rarely have the motivation
B) People who are in a position to commit white-collar crimes rarely have the necessary opportunity
C) People working at the white-collar level generally do not have the characteristics associated with crime commission
D) People at the white-collar level generally do not have the skills to commit crimes of any type
Q2) The expansion of organized crime and their focus on official corruption was due to which event?
A) World War I
B) Prohibition
C) The Great Depression
D) World War II
Q3) __________ refers to unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Q1) The most-commonly diverted drugs include depressants and stimulants.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _________substances were widely accepted during the hippie movement of the 1960s.
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between drug use and crime is not supported by scientific evidence?
A) As drug use increases, the number of crimes increases
B) Drug users report greater involvement in crime than nonusers
C) Increased drug use in society cases an increase in reported crime
D) People with criminal records are more likely than others to report being drug users
Q4) The DEA classifies cocaine as a "dangerous drug."
A)True
B)False
Q5) How do feminist perspectives address prostitution?
Q6) Some feminists see prostitution as liberating and are redefining it as legitimate
Q7) Opium was brought to the United States by __________ immigrants.
Q8) __________involves escort services that advertise via the Internet.
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explorers focus on computer systems that are geographically distant from the hacker's physical location.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Daubert standard deals with the application of the laws requiring convicted offenders to provide DNA samples.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ____________are malicious hackers who deliberately cause damage with no apparent personal gain.
Q4) The federal DNA Identification Act authorizes the FBI to establish DNA indexes for samples recovered from crime scenes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Typical phishing schemes generally reach only about 10,000 e-mail in-boxes
A)True
B)False
Q6) Computer __________ involves remote access to targeted machines.
Q7) Compare and contrast phone phreaking with phishing.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) The increase in understanding resulting from a sharing of information between cultures is known as __________.
Q2) What are the three trends that the Congressional Research Service identified in modern terrorism?
Q3) Which of the following is an element of human smuggling?
A) The person being smuggled is usually coerced
B) The person being smuggled is exploited or forced to perform some type of labor
C) The person being smuggled is generally cooperating
D) The person being smuggled does not have to cross a border
Q4) An organization based in the United States may still be designated as a foreign terrorist organization if it has members who are not U.S. citizens.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to ______________, the attacks on 9/11 should not have been a surprise to the U.S. government.
Q6) Human smuggling is a form of illegal immigration.
A)True
B)False
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