Crime and Society Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Crime and Society explores the complex relationship between criminal behavior and the social environment, examining how cultural, economic, political, and historical factors influence both the incidence of crime and societys responses to it. The course introduces key criminological theories, patterns of crime, the roles of various social institutions, and the impact of inequality, race, class, and gender on crime rates and criminal justice processes. Through case studies, contemporary examples, and critical analysis, students gain a broad understanding of how crime is defined, measured, and addressed, prompting reflection on policy implications and possibilities for social change.
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Introduction to Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition by Pamela J. Schram
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Law enforcement includes various organizational levels at the federal,state,and local levels.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Explain the difference between consensus and conflict perspectives and how they relate to the formation of laws.How would each of these perspectives view the formation of a new law,such as a "no texting while driving" law?
Answer: Consensus perspective assumes virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assumes no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society.This perspective would view the formation of this new law as incorporating societal norms and that everyone agrees with the new law.Conflict perspective assumes most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to keep down other groups.This perspective would view the new law as a way to keep a group of the population down and that not everyone agrees with the new law.
Q3) Give an example of a mala in se act and a mala prohibita act.
Answer: Murder;prostitution.Various examples.
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime
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Q1) Explain the benefits of spatial analysis for the criminal justice field.
Answer: This interest in crime places "spans theory from the perspective of understanding the etiology of crime,and practice from the perspective of developing effective criminal justice interventions to reduce crime." Thus,rather than attempting to understand crime from an individual perspective,spatial analysis also incorporates where and when crimes occur.This perspective can then assist in efforts to reduce future criminal activity.
Q2) ______ collect data by asking respondents to provide information about themselves,usually as to whether they have engaged in certain forms of illegal behavior.
A)Cops
B)Self-report surveys
C)Judges
D)Victim surveys
Answer: B
Q3) Hate crimes are not separate,distinct crimes,but rather traditional offenses motivated by the offender's bias.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Classical School of Criminology Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cesare Beccaria believed the social contract should be fair for all (a fair deal).Discuss what this means.
Answer: The social contract should be fair for both the government and the people;therefore,actions or punishments carried out by the government that violate the overall sense of unity will not be accepted by the populace.
Q2) Beccaria set the standard for most modern systems of justice in guaranteeing rights to defendants when he reformed certain practices by doing away with ______.
A)secret accusations
B)public processing
C)formal trials
D)cross-examination of witnesses
Answer: A
Q3) For the vast majority of human civilization's history,people believed that criminal activity was caused by either supernatural or religious factors.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Contemporary Classical and Deterrence Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) This type of research asks individuals to estimate their immediate intent to commit a criminal act in a given situation and their immediate perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment.
A)longitudinal studies
B)aggregate studies
C)cross-sectional studies
D)scenario studies
Q2) Cross-sectional studies usually involve data collection in ______ format.
A)survey
B)observational
C)secondary data
D)group
Q3) What is one of the major issues concerning deterrence theory?
Q4) Longitudinal research studies found behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Provide examples of informal and formal social control.
Q6) Give two (2)examples of a hot spot.
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Chapter 5: Early Positivism
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Q1) How did Goddard use the concept of IQ testing? How was his concept of the IQ different than the original premise of the measure? How could these ideas and assumptions affect policies and practices of the criminal justice system?
Q2) According to Goddard,the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the ______.
A)moron
B)idiot
C)imbecile
D)fool
Q3) Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ______.
A)occipital lobe
B)right temporal lobe
C)left temporal lobe
D)frontal lobe
Q4) Should an individual's IQ be taken into account when they have committed a crime? Make sure your argument ties in Goddard's theories.
Q5) According to Darwin,what is natural selection?
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Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or evening,when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female hormones in their system,which can be important for policy development.
A)spatial
B)verbal
C)mathematical
D)analytical
Q2) The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every ______ males.
A)100
B)1,000
C)100,000
D)1,000,000
Q3) Dopamine is the neurotransmitter largely responsible for good feelings in the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?
Q5) Explain findings on diet and nutrition connections to criminality.
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Chapter 7: Psychologicaltrait Theories of Crime
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Q1) What is the Durham rule?
Q2) The term insanity is a ______ term.
A)legal
B)medical
C)social
D)psychological
Q3) Psychoticism includes traits such as being sociable,lively,active,assertive,dominant,and carefree.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the three dimensions associated with Hans Eysenck's theory of crime and personality.
Q5) Some of the most intense and passionate emotions are associated with attachment relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Neuroticism is linked to many traits.List three (3)different traits an individual may exhibit when considered neurotic.
Q7) To achieve an ideal level of arousal,extroverts need what?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Social Structure Theories of Crime I
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Q1) All of the following are considered categories of strain within the general strain theory proposed by Agnew EXCEPT:
A)failure to conform to conventional means
B)noxious stimuli
C)failure to achieve goals
D)removal of positive stimuli
Q2) A type of gang that forms in lower-class neighborhoods with an organized structure of adult criminal behavior (highly organized and stable).
A)retreatist gangs
B)conflict gangs
C)criminal gangs
D)organized crime gangs
Q3) Guerry found that ______ crimes were higher in wealthy areas but ______ crime was higher in poor areas.
A)property;violent
B)property;economic
C)economic;violent
D)violent;property
Q4) Explain the concept of relative deprivation.
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Chapter 9: Social Structure Theories of Crime II
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Q1) Give an example of the focal concern of trouble.
Q2) The theoretical framework of concentric circles no longer has support from theorists. A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the concept of social disorganization.Design an experiment to test the theory of social disorganization.What would you hope to find?
Q4) Geographers and urban planners have long acknowledged the detriment caused to traditionally stable residential areas when businesses move in.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ______ claimed that much of human behavior,especially the way cities grow,follows the basic principles of ecology that had been documented and applied to wildlife for many years at that point.
A)Charles Darwin
B)Ernest W.Burgess
C)Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
D)Robert E.Park
E)Franco Ferracuti and Marvin E.Wolfgang
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Chapter 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime
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Q1) Explain five (5)of the seven (7)propositions of differential reinforcement theory.
Q2) How do learning theories differ from other theories?
Q3) Bandura demonstrated,through a series of theoretical and experimental studies,that a significant amount of learning takes place:
A)absent virtually any form of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
B)with lots of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
C)both a and b are correct
Q4) Give two (2)examples of a positive reinforcement.
Q5) Explain classical conditioning.
Q6) Neutralization theory is associated with ______ theorists.
A)Sutherland and Hirschi
B)Alex and Leonar
C)Sykes and Matza
D)none of these
Q7) Explain what the Bo-Bo doll experiment was and how it was related to Bandura's theory.What implications did Bandura's findings have? How could these findings be applied to a real-world issue or problem?
Q8) Apply the five techniques of neutralization to an example of your choice.
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Chapter 11: Labeling Theory and Conflict-Marxistradical
Theories of Crime
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Q1) Discuss the major critiques of labeling theory.
Q2) Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT:
A)where differences between groups exist,law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve their conflicts
B)law reflects the need for social order
C)law is a product of value consensus
D)law is a partial system that protects private interests
Q3) Cooley identified the process of obtaining one's self-image through the "eyes of others" as the looking-glass self.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What three intellectual traditions did peacemaking criminology incorporate?
Q5) According to Becker,what are the four (4)types of behaviors related to perceptions of deviance and behavior? Give an example of each.
Q6) Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Feminist Theories of Crime
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Q1) Both chivalry and paternalism suggest that certain individuals or groups need protection because they are weak and helpless.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the difference between sex and gender.
Q3) The negative characterization of the black female as domineering,strong,assertive,independent,and masculine is called ______.
A)the mammy
B)the seductress
C)the Amazon
D)the sinister Sapphire
Q4) How does Marxist feminism differ from socialist feminism?
Q5) Female youths from patriarchal families were encouraged to engage in risk-taking behaviors,just as their brothers were.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is liberal feminism? Explain what the two (2)types of liberal feminists are and a major criticism cited by the text of the liberal feminist perspective.
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Chapter 13: Developmentallife-Course Perspectives
Criminality
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Q1) What is the "chicken-or-egg" debate presented by Thornberry?
Q2) Give one reason why the Glueck Harvard study conducted on 1,000 boys may have some methodological issues?
Q3) The general theory of crime assumes that self-control must be established by age 13.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Early onset offending is one of the most important predictors of any of the measures for determining who is most at risk for developing serious,violent offending behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why does the text state that more can be learned from looking at the years prior to the age of twelve (12)as compared to the teenage or young adult years?
Q6) List three (3)of the five (5)primary theoretical constructs of Thornberry's interactional model.
Q7) Explain how an individual's siblings or peers can decrease their likelihood for delinquency.
Page 15
Q8) What is the general theory of crime proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi?
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Chapter 14: White-Collar Crime, Organized Crime, and Cybercrime
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Q1) The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice found that ______ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime.
A)gambling
B)loan sharking
C)narcotics trafficking
D)money laundering
Q2) All of the following are considered physical costs of white-collar crime EXCEPT:
A)price fixing
B)environmental pollution
C)occupational illnesses
D)falsely prescribed or marketed pharmaceutical drugs
Q3) A hacker is one who obtains authorized access to a computer system,file,or network.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There is debate on what behaviors are considered a part of one's occupational role and what activities constitute white-collar crime.Give your definition of what behaviors you would consider part of one's occupation role.
Q5) Discuss some of the legislation that has been enacted to address cybercrime.
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Chapter 15: Hate Crimes, Terrorism, and Home Land Security
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Q1) ______ is a communication frame that exposes corrupt or illegal behavior.
A)reportage frames
B)investigative frames
C)contention frames
D)mythic frames
E)cultural recognition frames
Q2) The majority of bias-motivated incidents reported by law enforcement agencies were motivated by a(n)______ bias.
A)religious
B)ethnicity/national origin
C)sexual-orientation
D)racial
Q3) All of the following are considered fundamental rights granted to citizens in the United States EXCEPT:
A)right to private records
B)right to confront witnesses
C)right of access to the courts
D)presumption of innocence
Q4) Describe three of the types of mass killers.
Q5) Why are hate crimes considered to be subjective in nature?
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Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
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Q1) What is the difference between cannabis,marijuana,and hashish? What are the psychoactive and physiological effects of marijuana? Argue for or against the legalization of marijuana in the United States and back your claims.
Q2) Describe the three features of harm reduction programs.
Q3) Barbiturates are a type of depressant;can help with anxiety without disrupting normal functions.Problems include sleepiness and incoordination,hampered learning process,and amnesia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who was Harry Anslinger?
Q5) Eradication describes the various steps implemented to interrupt illicit drug trafficking.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Enacted in 1906 authorizing federal regulations on any medication.
A)War on Drugs
B)Harrison Act
C)Pure Food and Drug Act
D)Prohibition
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