Cognitive Psychology Research Methods
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology Research Methods provides an in-depth exploration of the methodologies used to investigate mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and language. This course emphasizes experimental design, data collection, statistical analysis, and interpretation within cognitive psychology. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, develop hypotheses, construct experiments, and critically evaluate research findings. Through hands-on projects and analysis of current literature, the course equips students with the practical and theoretical tools essential for conducting rigorous research and understanding the complexities of human cognition.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the scientific method,the actual research study is not done until after the researcher has formed a hypothesis and made a specific prediction.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Although the scientific method incorporates several other methods of inquiry,which of the following is least likely to be a part of the scientific method?
A)the method of empiricism
B)the rational method
C)the method of tenacity
D)the method of authority
Answer: C
Q3) You know that birds and squirrels eat the mushrooms in your backyard every day and you know that they are healthy.Based on these two facts,you decide that the mushrooms are not poisonous.This is an example of the rational method.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Research Ideas
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which section of a research article is most likely to provide suggestions for the interpretation and applications of research results?
A)introduction
B)method
C)results
D)discussion
Answer: D
Q2) The method section of a research article typically
A)provides interpretation of the findings.
B)describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research.
C)includes the results of statistical analyses.
D)provides the details of how the research was conducted.
Answer: D
Q3) Before searching in PsycINFO,it is wise to identify the official subject terms for the list of terms you have identified.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Variables
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Sample Questions
Q1) An EEG,heart rate,and brain activity are all examples of ________ measures.
A)self-report
B)survey
C)behavioral
D)physiological
Answer: D
Q2) Counting the number of people who smile at a baby in a stroller as they pass by is an example of a ________ measure.
A)self-report
B)survey
C)behavioral
D)physiological
Answer: C
Q3) A researcher records the number of mathematics problems answered correctly during a 15-minute period.This is an example of measurement on a ratio scale.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the focus of ethical concern?
A)right versus wrong
B)moral versus immoral
C)truth versus falsehood
D)proper versus improper
Q2) Which of the following is a concern for research ethics?
A)honesty and respect of all who participate in the study
B)honesty and respect of all affected by reports of the study's results
C)honesty and respect of all who participate in the study and all affected by reports of the study's results
D)morality
Q3) APA ethical guidelines cover the treatment research subjects and participants,as well as issues of fraud and plagiarism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because
A)the participants were deceived.
B)the shocks posed a threat of physical harm.
C)the participants were psychologically harmed.
D)the participants' confidentiality was not protected.
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Chapter 5: Selecting Research Participants
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a researcher does not know the exact number of individuals in the population but still wants to control the composition of a sample,the best technique is to use quota sampling.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A systematic sample does not qualify as a true random sample because A)the first individual selected is not determined by a random process.
B)the selections are not independent of each other.
C)it does not use sampling with replacement.
D)all of the other choices are correct.
Q3) Dr.Near conducts an experiment on memory using participants above the age of 65.Because she cannot include all people above the age of 65,she selects a A)sample.
B)world.
C)population.
D)subgroup.
Q4) It is always necessary to have at least 25-30 participants in a study.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Research Strategies and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) If participants in one treatment condition have characteristics that are different from the characteristics of participants in another treatment condition,then _______ may be threatened.
A)internal validity
B)external validity
C)reliability
D)accuracy
Q2) Experimental and nonexperimental studies both involve comparing groups of scores.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The tendency for individuals who have extreme scores (high or low)on one measurement and to have less extreme scores on a second measurement is called A)history.
B)instrumentation.
C)maturation.
D)regression toward the mean.
Q4) Describe the kind of question that each of the five research strategies intends to answer.
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Chapter 7: The Experimental Research Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an experiment,the score for each participant is obtained by measuring the __________ variable.
A)independent
B)dependent
C)extraneous
D)confounding
Q2) What is the general purpose for using simulations and field studies?
A)to increase external validity
B)to increase internal validity
C)to verify that the manipulation of the independent variable was successful
D)to prevent extraneous variables from becoming confounding variables
Q3) What is the advantage of a laboratory study over a field study?
A)increased internal validity
B)increased external validity
C)increased reliability
D)elimination of history effects
Q4) Simulation and field studies are used to increase the external validity of experiments.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Random assignment guarantees that participant characteristics do not become a confounding variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A disadvantage of the two-group design is that it
A)provides limited information about the effect of the independent variable
B)is complicated.
C)maximizes the differences between the groups.
D)requires the use of regression analyses to analyze the data.
Q3) A disadvantage of holding a variable constant is that it limits an experiment's external validity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a method for trying to prevent a participant characteristic (such as age or gender)from becoming a confounding variable in a between-subjects experiment?
A)Hold the participant characteristic constant.
B)Randomly assign participants to treatment conditions.
C)Randomly select the participants from the population.
D)Match the groups with respect to the participant characteristic.
10
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Chapter 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Latin square is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing 5 treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?
A)0
B)1
C)5
D)cannot answer without more information
Q3) In a Latin square
A)each participant receives each treatment in the same order.
B)each treatment is administered first in the series for one group of participants.
C)each participant receives a different treatment.
D)every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used.
Q4) Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.
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Chapter 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
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Q1) Differential history effects are a threat to internal validity for which of the following designs?
A)differential research design
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design
D)the other three choices are all designs threatened by differential history effects.
Q2) For which of the following studies does the researcher not control which individuals are assigned to which group?
A)between-subjects experiment
B)within-subjects experiment
C)nonequivalent group design
D)pre-post design
Q3) The time-series design is an example of the quasi-experimental research strategy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Cohort effects are not a concern for longitudinal developmental designs.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 11: Factorial Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a two-factor experiment with 2 levels of factor A and 2 levels of factor B,three of the treatment means are essentially identical and one is substantially different from the others.What result(s)would be produced by this pattern of treatment means?
A)a main effect for factor A
B)a main effect for factor B
C)an interaction between A and B
D)The pattern would produce main effects for both A and B,and an interaction.
Q2) A two-factor experimental design must involve at least four different treatment conditions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How many independent variables are there in an experimental two-factor design?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
Q4) Describe what it means to say that order effects are "symmetrical" or "asymmetrical?"
Q5) Describe two situations in which factorial designs are commonly used.
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Chapter 12: The Correlational Research Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of a correlational study?
A)participants are assigned to groups
B)participants are assigned to treatment conditions
C)participants are separated into groups based on a specific characteristic such as age or gender
D)none of the other options is a characteristic of a correlational study.
Q2) A researcher reports an inverse relationship between weight and exercise level for a group of 8-year-old children (greater weight is associated with less exercise).However,the researcher cannot be sure whether the extra weight is preventing the children from exercising or whether the lack of exercise is leading to greater weight.This is an example of
A)the third-variable problem.
B)the directionality problem.
C)the reversal problem.
D)the criterion problem.
Q3) Correlations are often used to help demonstrate the reliability and validity of measurement.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe what is meant by a "negative relationship between two variables."
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Chapter 13: Descriptive Research Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under what circumstances is a case study the preferred technique for gathering information.
Q2) In an observational study of children in a day care setting,you select one participant at a time for observation.This is an example of using A)time sampling.
B)event sampling.
C)individual sampling.
D)interval method.
Q3) When an observer switches recording from one behavior to another during an observation period,it is known as ________ sampling.
A)time
B)individual
C)event
D)frequency
Q4) Which type of question is a Likert-type question?
A)open-ended
B)restricted
C)rating scale
D)physiological
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Chapter 14: Single-Subject Research Designs
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Q1) The success of a single-subject experiment depends on demonstrating that behavior changes when the treatment is implemented and then repeating the demonstration at least one more time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a graph of single-subject research data,a clear indication of a treatment effect is
A)a continuation of the same average level from one phase to the next.
B)a continuation of a clear trend from one phase to the next.
C) a gradual change in behavior that becomes clear several observations after the treatment is initiated.
D) a clear and immediate change in either the level or trend when the treatment is initiated.
Q3) In a multiple-baseline design,there is only one phase change,from baseline to treatment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The alternating-treatments design does not consist of phases or phase changes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cohen's kappa is used to correct for chance agreements when computing inter-rater reliability.
A)True B)False
Q2) Describe the general purpose for descriptive statistical techniques and for inferential statistical techniques.
Q3) Describe what is measured by the mean and what is measured by the standard deviation for a set of scores.Describe the set of scores in a sample with a mean of M = 40 and a standard deviation of SD = 4.(Where are most of the scores located? Where are they centered? What range of values do they cover?)
Q4) A Type I error means that the hypothesis test has failed to detect a real treatment effect.
A)True B)False
Q5) The mode is the best way to measure central tendency for data from a nominal scale of measurement.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 16: Writing a Research Report
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hypothesis for the study is stated at the beginning of the results section.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The writing style established by the American Psychiatric Association is the style adopted by most psychology journals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Interpretation of the results of a study belongs in which section of an APA-style research report?
A)results
B)method
C)introduction
D)discussion
Q4) APA guidelines for word processing include
A)1 ½ " margins.
B)single spacing.
C)hyphenating at end of lines.
D)none of the other three choices should be used in APA-style.
Q5) Describe the two subsections typically contained in a methods section of an APA-style research report.
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