Cognitive Psychology Research Methods
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology Research Methods explores the scientific techniques and experimental approaches used to investigate mental processes such as perception, memory, attention, language, and problem solving. The course emphasizes both theoretical and practical aspects of research design, including hypothesis formulation, experimental manipulation, data collection, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. Students gain hands-on experience with laboratory experiments, computer-based tasks, and observational methods while critically evaluating published studies. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to design and conduct rigorous cognitive psychology research and interpret findings in the context of existing theories and real-world applications.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioural Research 2nd canadian Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behaviour
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Q1) A general rule to help detect pseudoscience is to be highly ______ when scientific assertions are made based on evidence that is _____.
A) skeptical;vague
B) convinced;vague
C) skeptical;reputable
D) convinced;reputable
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a requirement for identifying a cause of a behaviour?
A) Temporal precedence
B) Covariation of cause and effect
C) Elimination of alternative explanations
D) Observational analysis
Answer: D
Q3) Research studies designed to answer practical problems are referred to as
A) basic research.
B) applied research.
C) quantitative research.
D) didactic research.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) Because of tension between the police department and the citizens of Metropolis,the city council surveys residents for suggestions on how to improve police-community relations.This example best illustrates _____ as a source of research ideas.
A) observation of the world around us
B) theories
C) past research
D) practical problems
Answer: D
Q2) A scientist should consider a hypothesis to be supported if A) observed data are consistent with the hypothesis.
B) there is a general belief that the hypothesis is probably correct.
C) it is not possible to falsify the hypothesis.
D) they receive financial support for research to be conducted into the hypothesis. Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Ethical Research
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Q1) Which of the following behaviours would least represent plagiarism?
A) Including a sentence that is copied without using quotation marks and a reference citation
B) Representing another's work as your own
C) Paraphrasing the actual words of another source without citing the source
D) Including a paragraph that is copied with quotation marks and a reference citation.
Answer: D
Q2) Asking participants to read a description of a situation and predict how they would respond in that situation is called
A) role-playing.
B) simulation.
C) straightforward manipulation.
D) psychodrama.
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Research Design Fundamentals
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Q1) In graphing the results of an experiment,the independent variable is placed on the ________ axis and the dependent variable is placed on the ________ axis.
A) vertical;horizontal
B) bottom;central
C) central;bottom
D) horizontal;vertical
Q2) In the experimental method,the researcher makes sure that the influence of all extraneous variables are kept constant.This process is referred to as A) randomization.
B) cause and effect.
C) constancy.
D) experimental control.
Q3) Dr.King asks student teachers to assign a punishment for misbehavior displayed by an attractive versus unattractive child.The response variable would be A) the student teachers.
B) assigned punishment.
C) the child's attractiveness.
D) the misbehaviour.
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6
Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) The more _____ in a measure,the smaller the variability of scores in the measure.
A) true score
B) measurement error
C) reliability
D) validity
Q2) One way to increase the reliability of a measurement scale is to A) calculate a correlation coefficient.
B) increase the number of items within the measurement scale.
C) decrease the number of items within the measurement scale.
D) be sure there is variability between true score and measurement error.
Q3) Every measured score is thought to have two components.In a score from a reliable measure,which component should be relatively low?
A) Validity
B) Reliability
C) True score
D) Measurement error
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) A researcher studies letters to the editor to assess community attitudes.The researcher is using
A) statistical records.
B) survey archives.
C) written records.
D) a case study.
Q2) A researcher wants to gather information on citizens' feelings about the building of a new airport in their neighborhood.She gathers groups of citizens and engages them in a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed airport.This type of data gathering would best be referred to as a(n)______ approach.
A) organizational
B) quantitative
C) qualitative
D) experiential
Q3) Naturalistic observation is generally more ____ than systematic observation.
A) global
B) limited
C) quantitative
D) easily accomplished
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) Which one of the following is a probability sampling technique?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Purposive sampling
Q2) In order to eliminate the problem of a person always agreeing or disagreeing on all items in a questionnaire,a researcher would
A) word half the questions in a positive way and half the questions in a negative way.
B) instruct participants not to agree or disagree consistently.
C) use a more reliable questionnaire.
D) include more complex questions that require more attention from respondents.
Q3) It is important to use ________ sampling when you wish to make precise statements about particular characteristics of a specific population.
A) haphazard
B) quota
C) probability
D) non-probability
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) A design that has two conditions with different participants in each condition is a(n)______ design.
A) independent groups
B) repeated measures
C) Solomon four-group
D) pretest-posttest
Q2) A graduate student randomly assigns students in a class to taste either Coke or Pepsi.Students rate their liking for the soda on a scale from 1 to 10.This is an example of a(n)________ design.
A) one-group pretest-posttest
B) posttest-only
C) pretest only
D) pretest-posttest
Q3) Internal validity means that
A) the change in the dependent variable can be attributed to the effect of the independent variable.
B) results can be generalized to other situations.
C) confounds were not well controlled.
D) all of the variables have construct validity.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Conducting Studies
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Q1) A researcher who measures the speed of helping in an emergency is using a ________ measure.
A) self-report
B) physiological
C) behavioural
D) reactive
Q2) In drug research,a(n)_____ has occurred when it is unclear whether improvement is due to properties of the drug or the expectation about the effect of the drug.
A) order effect
B) placebo effect
C) ceiling effect
D) demand characteristic
Q3) Why would an investigator use more than one dependent measure?
A) It is useful to know if the independent variable affects some measures but not others.
B) It increases the complexity of the design and looks more impressive.
C) It eliminates the problem of demand characteristics.
D) It makes the research study more obviously ethical.
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11
Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) A 4 x 3 factorial design would have how many conditions?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 7
D) 12
Q2) In order to ascertain whether there is an interaction between two variables,a researcher must use a(n)____ design.
A) interaction
B) multiple correlation
C) factorial
D) independent groups
Q3) In a factorial design,a main effect is the
A) effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable.
B) effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variable(s).
C) only effect of interest.
D) independent variable with the biggest effect on the dependent variable.
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12
Chapter 11: Research Designs for Special Circumstances
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Q1) In the reversal design,ABAB,the second "B" period is necessary to reduce the probability of
A) carry-over effects.
B) correlational variables.
C) chance fluctuations.
D) baseline changes.
Q2) Sarah finds that her son James enjoys lemon candy.Sarah reinforces James when he displays courteous behaviour at home.She then starts to reinforce this behaviour at school,relatives' homes,and church.What type of study design did Sarah employ?
A) Across situations multiple baseline design
B) Across behaviours multiple baseline design
C) Across subjects multiple baseline design
D) ABA design
Q3) Which one of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design?
A) Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design
B) Interrupted time series design
C) Correlated groups design
D) Control series design
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13
Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results:
Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them
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Q1) Measures of _____ indicate how scores are spread out in a distribution,while measures of _____ indicate how a sample scores as a whole.
A) error;true score
B) probability;significance
C) the mode;the median
D) variability;central tendency
Q2) Any set of scores may be described by measures of ________ and ________.
A) chance variance;error variance
B) central tendency;variability
C) independent variables;dependent variables
D) probability;significance
Q3) Structural equation models
A) are developed after the data are analyzed and interpreted.
B) are expected patterns of relationships among a set of variables.
C) can only be used to explain results of laboratory experiments.
D) can only be used to explain results of field experiments.
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14
Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results:
Statistical-Inference Basics
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Q1) The null hypothesis
A) is used because it is a very precise statement.
B) is rejected when there is a high probability that the obtained results are due to random error.
C) does not allow us to know the probability of the outcome of the study occurring.
D) is statistically significant if it can be accepted.
Q2) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a ________ error,whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis is called a ________ error.
A) Type II;Type I
B) Type I;Type II
C) minor;major
D) significant;nonsignificant
Q3) Negative results are problematical because they
A) are difficult to interpret.
B) are less important.
C) disprove the theory you are trying to support.
D) are difficult to analyze statistically.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Generalizing Results
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Q1) External validity refers to the
A) adequacy of the experimental design.
B) the effectiveness of the manipulation of the independent variable.
C) generalizability of the results.
D) practical application of the research findings.
Q2) When findings are replicated using _____,our confidence in the generalizability of the findings _____.
A) college students;decreases
B) statistical interactions;increases
C) pretests;decreases
D) multiple methods;increases
Q3) Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggest
A) similar results.
B) dissimilar results.
C) independent variables in field experiments be manipulated differently than laboratory experiments.
D) studies in laboratory experiments not be conducted in a natural setting.
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