Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology
Pre-Test Questions
Cognitive Psychology explores the mental processes underlying human behavior, focusing on how we acquire, process, store, and retrieve information. This course examines core topics such as perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, decision-making, and cognitive development. Students will analyze experimental findings, theoretical models, and real-world applications relating to how people think, learn, and remember. Through discussions and hands-on activities, the course encourages the development of critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of the psychological mechanisms that drive everyday mental functions.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark
H. Ashcraft
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14 Chapters
1643 Verified Questions
1643 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______. Answer: (COGNITIVE SCIENCE).
Q2) One of the legacies of verbal learning was that __________.
A)it reinforced the dominant behaviorist ideals about mental activi
B)it provided a way to study mental processes in an objective manner
C)no one could find any theoretical basis for the work
D)an effective counterweight to research on verbal behavior was found
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is NOT part of the "standard theory"?
A)long-term memory
B)sensory register
C)STM/working memory
D)explicit memory
Answer: D
Q4) When did the cognitive revolution occur?
A)early 1970s
B)late 1950s
C)late 1850s
D)mid-1940s
Answer: B
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name of a neurotransmitter important for memory formation?
Answer: (GLUTAMATE)
Q2) Neuronal action potentials follow __________.
A)temporal markers
B)the all or none principle
C)in sequence
D)an encoding stage
Answer: B
Q3) Which memory formation process is for the temporary retention of information?
A)consolidation
B)long-term potentiation
C)reconsolidation
D)short-term potentiation
Answer: B
Q4) How did Penfield assess the functional role of different brain areas? Answer: (DIRECT STIMULATION)
Q5) Connectionist models have been verified using fMRI recordings. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
4
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The number of items recallable after any short display is called __________.
A)visual sensory memory duration
B)working memory capacity
C)the span of apperception
D)articulation span
Answer: C
Q2) What is the duration of information in visual sensory memory (iconic memory)?
Answer: The duration of information in visual sensory memory, also known as iconic memory, is very brief. Research suggests that iconic memory holds visual information for approximately 200 to 1000 milliseconds (0.2 to 1 second) after an object is seen. After this short duration, the information either fades away or is transferred to short-term memory through the process of attention. Iconic memory acts as a buffer for visual stimuli, giving the brain a snapshot of the visual world that lasts just long enough to be processed further if deemed important.
Q3) Visual memory across eye movements is also called __________.
A)iconic memory
B)trans-saccadic memory
C)echoic memory
D)dynamic memory
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Attention
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120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cocktail party effect refers to __________.
A)attenuation
B)selection
C)masking
D)priming
Q2) A speed-up in processing from an attentional cue is called __________.
A)facilitation
B)inhibition
C)a boost
D)segmentation
Q3) Which of the following terms is NOT a physiological response during an orienting reflex?
A)change in heart rate
B)respiration rate altered
C)widening of audition
D)pupil dilation
Q4) Under most circumstances,spotlight attention traverses the visual field from place to place rather than appearing and disappearing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Processing in the visuospatial sketchpad is least likely to be disrupted by
A)tapping out a pattern with your fingers
B)visual noise in a display (such as a series of random patterns)
C)articulatory suppression
D)the passage of time
Q2) What is the boundary extension effect?
A)retaining information beyond the bounds of the experiment
B)remembering more of a picture than was actually seen
C)extending memory beyond the boundary of 7 +/- 2 items
D)cognition that is not defined by cultural boundaries
Q3) Warrington & Shallice report a patient with a grossly defective STS (a digit span of two).This patient __________.
A)had normal performance on the Brown-Peterson task
B)had reasonable learning,memory,and comprehension
C)had profound retrograde amnesia
D)had no ability to store new long-term memories
Q4) How do we get more information into Miller's magical number seven plus or minus two?
Q5) What parts of the brain are implicated in working memory operation?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each item is encoded into a richer memory representation-one that includes any extra information about the item that was present during encoding.The hypothesis that the specific nature of an item's encoding,including all related information that was encoded along with it,determines how effectively the item can be retrieved.This describes __________.
A)dual coding
B)semantic integration
C)subjective organization
D)encoding specificity
Q2) Disruption of memory of events occurring after brain injury,especially a disruption in acquiring new long-term memories,is called ___________________.
Q3) Momentarily unable to recall some shred of information,often a person's name,that is known to be stored in long-term memory; includes the sense of being on the verge of retrieving the target concept: _________________________________
Q4) Rehearsal is principally responsible for primacy effects.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why did Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables?
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Chapter 7: Knowing
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) With respect to models of the mind,what is connectionism?
Q2) Semantic memory is memory for __________.
A)general world knowledge
B)the meaning of individual experiences only
C)commonly exacted behaviors (e.g.,riding a bicycle)
D)things that are not reconsolidated
Q3) The amplitude of N400 ERPs was markedly lower in the right than in the left hemisphere for abstract words as compared to concrete words.Both amplitudes were lower for abstract relative to concrete words.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Concepts are represented in a semantic network by __________.
A)nodes
B)networks
C)links
D)spreading activation
Q5) What are the four frequently mentioned advantages of using connectionism to study cognition?
Q6) Semantic memory captures ________________________ information.
Q7) The idealized average of all category members is called a(n)_________.
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pick one of the "seven sins of memory" and explain how this impedes memory and how it might actually help under some circumstances.
Q2) Overconfidence in memory derives from __________.
A)poor metamemory
B)source misattribution
C)processing fluency
D)All of the above can lead to overconfidence in memory.
Q3) What is a particularly effective cue for eliciting spontaneous autobiographical memories?
A)pictures
B)odors
C)music
D)sleep
Q4) The memory unit that codes meaning is called a(n)__________________.
Q5) What are the consequences of mentally integrating information?
A)Interference can be reduced.
B)People have trouble remembering individual events.
C)Source monitoring becomes more difficult.
D)all of the above
Q6) A memory for an event that never happened is called a(n)_______________.
10
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Chapter 9: Language
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) "To beer a pour" is an illustration of __________.
A)a speech error
B)a spectrogram
C)a blend
D)phase structure grammar
Q2) Animals lack the ability to communicate using the language universal of
A) arbitrariness
B) semanticity
C) displacement
D) vocalization
Q3) ERP studies investigating syntactically anomalous sentences reveal that these sentences produce a distinctive __________.
A)N400 ERP pattern
B)P600 ERP Pattern
C)syntactic priming function
D)expressive aphasia
Q4) When a person moves from one place to another,he or she may retain an accent that is consistent with where he or she was from originally.How does this relate to categorical perception?
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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125 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is a principle measure of online reading comprehension.
A)Think-aloud procedure
B)Gaze duration
C)ERP
D)Accuracy
Q2) Describe the role of working memory in reading.
Q3) The advantage of clause recency is limited to highly constrained languages such as English (versus,for example,more flexible languages such as Latin or Spanish).
A)True
B)False
Q4) A __________ is a representation of the event described in a passage of text.
A)simulation model
B)process model
C)situation model
D)path model
Q5) What are three online measures of language comprehension?
Q6) What is the name of the effect that shows that people typically start by studying information that is way too hard for them?
Q7) In what ways can eye tracking data be described as a "window into the mind"?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a conclusion matches the first mental model derived from the problem,it is particularly easy (and thus likely)to accept the (potentially false)conclusion,leading to fallacies or errors in reasoning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following represented a "belief" effect?
A)Clinical psychologists deviate from the DSM-IV based on their personal views of cause-effect relations.
B)Israeli students tend to judge simultaneous events in history from Europe as occurring before the matched event in North America.
C)the confirmation bias
D)all of the above
Q3) In judgments of "bigness," "8 vs.12" will be judged more quickly than "8 vs.9."
A)True
B)False
Q4) When using numbers as stimuli,comparison judgments can reveal both semantic congruity and symbolic distance effects.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Incubation never leads to correct problem solving.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Gestalt is __________.
A)a form
B)a function
C)production
D)implicit
Q3) The early work on problem solving was done by the German _____________ psychologists.
Q4) Which is NOT a suggestion to help improve problem solving?
A)Increase domain knowledge.
B)Follow a systematic plan.
C)Work backwards.
D)Avoid inferences.
Q5) Insight problem solving typically involves not working slowly toward a solution.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A problem that has clear initial and end states is called _______________
Q7) The name of the first problem-solving program was___________.
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an emotional item occurs during the "moment" of an attentional blink,that item will
A)exert a stronger influence over the processing of other items
B)exert a weaker influence over the processing of other items
C)be less likely to be identified
D)be more likely to be identified
Q2) What is one disadvantage to attention for emotional information,and how might this be corrected (if at all)?
Q3) The weapon focus effect is __________.
A)when the presence of a weapon causes you to retrieve violence-related memories
B)the inability to focus on a weapon present in a scene because it is so aversive
C)the inverse of tunnel memories
D)poorer memory for other event details when a weapon is present
Q4) Monitoring pressure is when a person focuses on how they are doing a task.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Emotional items facilitate performance on the Stroop task.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The way that adults communicate with young children is often called _____________.
Q2) One aspect of episodic memory that shows clear declines in older adults is a decline in __________.
A)mental organization
B)the use of context
C)the ability to use familiarity information
D)semantic memory
Q3) Compared to younger adults,older adults tend to show a greater __________.
A)use of heuristics
B)logical reasoning bias
C)hindsight bias
D)decision-making hierarchy
Q4) Some age-related declines in attention can be attributed to declines in __________.
A)early filters
B)late filters
C)world knowledge
D)inhibition
Q5) What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Page 16
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