Cognitive Psychology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology explores the fundamental mental processes that underlie human behavior, including perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. This course examines how people acquire, process, and store information, drawing on scientific research to explain cognitive mechanisms and their applications to everyday life. Through discussions, experiments, and case studies, students gain insight into how cognitive functions develop, how they can be enhanced, and what happens when they malfunction, providing a foundation for further study in psychology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce
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13 Chapters
767 Verified Questions
767 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem"?
A) The mind as involved in memory
B) The mind as problem solver
C) The mind as used to make decisions or consider possibilities
D) The mind as valuable, something that should be used
Answer: B
Q2) Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?
A) Erik Erikson
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Ivan Pavlov
Answer: C
Q3) The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by
A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Colin Cherry.
C) Edward Tolman.
D) John McCarthy.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
A) specificity
B) distributed
C) sparse
D) divergence
Answer: C
Q2) Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as A) myelin sheaths.
B) potentiated somas.
C) neural circuits.
D) spreading activations.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Perception
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
A) reception of the stimulus.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) top-down processing.
D) focused attention.
Answer: C
Q2) When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.
A) speech segmentation
B) the likelihood principle
C) bottom-up processing
D) algorithms
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Attention
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58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
A) practice.
B) the type of processing being used.
C) the difficulty of the tasks.
D) task cueing.
Q2) Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
A) physical characteristics.
B) language.
C) meaning.
D) direction.
Q3) In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?
A) schema
B) precueing
C) salience
D) binding
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
A) Chunking in sensory memory
B) Buffering in the central executive
C) Rehearsal in short-term memory
D) Rotation in the phonological loop
Q2) Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.
A) interference; decay
B) priming; interference
C) decay; interference
D) decay; lack of rehearsal
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.
A) knowledge
B) emotions
C) future
D) neural networks
Q2) Describe the concept of semanticization of remote memories. Give examples across time to support your thinking.
Q3) Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
A) declarative and non-declarative
B) personal semantic and remote
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit and procedural
Q4) In one or two sentences, write an autobiographical memory of something you recently experienced. Then identify the episodic and semantic components of that memory.
Q5) Explain how research on brain-damaged individuals informs our understanding of priming in implicit memory.
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the concepts of synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation. Be sure to refer to specific models as appropriate.
Q2) Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is A) state-dependent learning.
B) encoding.
C) memory consolidation.
D) transfer-appropriate processing.
Q3) Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on A) levels of processing.
B) depth of processing.
C) transfer-appropriate processing.
D) reconsolidation.
Q4) Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
A) "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"
B) "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants"
C) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"
D) "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) "S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated
A) in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks."
B) less efficiently than normal.
C) using more visual encoding than normal.
D) using stronger semantic connections than normal.
Q2) Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?
A) Winning the first grade spelling bee
B) Going to her high school prom
C) Moving into her first apartment
D) Getting her driver's license
Q3) In the discussion of the case of Robert Cotton, the text states that Jennifer Thompson "remembered" Cotton as being the man who attacked her in 1984. Explain why the word remembered was in quotes, both in the context of the case and in a broader context of overall memory.
Q4) Provide an example of when you experienced the Proustian effect. What was your response to the experience?
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."
A) interfered with by B) faster than C) the same as D) slower than
Q2) Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?
(NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
Trial 1: An owl is a bird.
Trial 2: A penguin is a bird.
Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.
A) 583: 518: 653 ms
B) 518: 583: 653 ms
C) 583: 653: 518 ms
D) 653: 583: 518 ms
Q3) Explain what is meant by the statement: The concept "cat" is the answer to the question "What is a cat?"
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leaving a footprint in the wet sand-with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified-is similar to which concept?
A) Pegword
B) Mental walk
C) Depictive representation
D) Topographic map
Q2) Describe in detail two techniques that use imagery to improve memory. Explain the underlying principles that define why imagery works successfully as a memory enhancer.
Q3) Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside A) a wolf.
B) an anteater.
C) a rhinoceros.
D) a bumblebee.
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12
Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?
A) Rhythm
B) Semantics
C) Sound
D) Structure
Q2) Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.
A) the cooperative principle
B) local connections
C) environmental context
D) instrumental inferences
Q3) Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?
A) Hierarchical structure
B) Communication
C) Governed by rules
D) It involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols
Q4) Explain how language and music are both similar and different.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experts _________________ than novices.
A) spend less time analyzing problems
B) are better at reasoning in general
C) are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems
D) take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem
Q2) Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to
A) demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.
B) show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.
C) show that some problems are easier to solve than others.
D) measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems.
Q3) In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.
A) transitory
B) goal
C) intermediate
D) initial
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The expected utility theory of decision making is grounded in which of the following?
A) Emotion
B) Rationality
C) Context
D) Evidence
Q2) Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people
A) do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome.
B) are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80 percent fat free than 20 percent fat.
C) misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide.
D) can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.
Q3) The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts?
A) Belief bias
B) Expected emotion
C) Myside bias
D) Availability heuristic
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Page 15