Cognitive Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology explores the mental processes underlying human behavior, including perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. This course examines how individuals acquire, process, store, and retrieve information, drawing on experimental research and theoretical models. Students will analyze how cognitive functions contribute to everyday life and how cognitive processes are affected by factors such as development, aging, and neurological disorders. By integrating insights from neuroscience, artificial intelligence, and related fields, Cognitive Psychology provides a comprehensive understanding of the workings of the human mind.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 4th Edition by Roy
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19 Chapters
2843 Verified Questions
2843 Flashcards
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Page 2
F. Baumeister
Chapter 1: The Mission and the Method
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215 Verified Questions
215 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neuroscience integrates the fields of social psychology and biological psychology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In social psychology, the "ABC triad" consists of ____.
A) attitudes, beliefs and commitments
B) ambiances, biology, and culture
C) affects, behaviors and cognitions
D) attributions, boundaries, and corrections
Answer: C
Q3) When the effects of two variables cannot be separated, ____ has been said to occur.
A) confounding
B) random variability
C) an interaction
D) a main effect
Answer: A
Q4) In social psychology, the notation "p <.05" signifies ____________________.
Answer: statistical significance
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Chapter 2: Culture and Nature
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) More diseases cause people to be more ________________, especially toward people who look different, as if the body automatically suspects strange-looking people of carrying illness.
Answer: prejudiced
Q2) If culture were a business, it would probably make the MOST sense to think of it as ____.
A) a general store
B) an exclusive health club
C) a pharmaceutical company
D) an advertising agency
Answer: A
Q3) Research suggests that humans evolved large brains not to better understand the environment around them, but rather to increase the capability for interpersonal relations. This idea is known as ____
A) social brain theory
B) relational cortex theory
C) the interpersonal brain hypothesis
D) the relational brain hypothesis
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Self
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190 Verified Questions
190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sarah is taking an African American history class, and she is the only white person in her class (everyone else is African American). Research suggests that, because she is the only white person, she will be ____.
A) more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), though her performance in the class should not be affected
B) more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), and may well perform worse in the class than she would otherwise
C) less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the African American people in her class), though her performance in the class should not be affected
D) less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the African American people in her class), and may well perform better in the class than she would otherwise
Answer: B
Q2) People with excessively high self-esteem, self-love, and a selfish orientation are known as ________________.
Answer: narcissists
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Choices and Actions
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195 Verified Questions
195 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People tend to say that they would prefer to have $1000 today rather than $1200 two weeks from now-even though, logically, they would be better off with the $1200 in two weeks. The phenomena underlying this tendency is known as ____.
A) risk aversion
B) the certainty effect
C) temporal discounting
D) the status quo bias
Q2) Closing one's eyes, so one does not need to look at a desired (but forbidden) object, is a good way to increase one's ____.
A) self-awareness
B) tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior
C) capacity to delay gratification
D) learned helplessness
Q3) The idea that many people have a(n) "________________," and therefore sabotage their careers, has received no empirical support.
Q4) Do social psychologists believe that people have free will? How important is perceived free will or autonomy to people? What happens when people believe that their freedom of choice has been revoked?
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Social Cognition
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Polina is three years old. She is just beginning to understand concepts such as "dog," "cat," "chair," and "sofa," and to understand how these concepts differ from one another. In other words, she is just beginning to develop ________________.
Q2) The Stroop test is a psychological test that highlights the ____.
A) distinction between automatic thinking and deliberate thinking B) tendency for ironic processes to occur in the wake of attempted thought suppressions C) fact that thinking is guided by three different types of goals
D) tendency for people to make the fundamental attribution error
Q3) Isabelle is exhausted from staying up too late and doesn't perform very well at her swim meet as a result. Isabelle will probably describe her poor performance as ____.
A) unintentional and due to exhaustion
B) unintentional and due to staying up too late
C) intentional and due to exhaustion
D) intentional and due to staying up too late
Q4) Social psychologists call how information is presented to others ________________, while politicians call it ________________.
Q5) Describe how one might reduce cognitive errors in processing social information.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Emotion and Affect
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198 Verified Questions
198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a well-known study conducted by Schachter and Singer, wherein participants were injected either with a stimulant or a placebo and were then exposed to a highly emotional stimulus, it was found that participants showed the strongest emotional reactions when ____.
A) they were injected with a stimulant (and knew it)
B) they were injected with a stimulant (but didn't know it)
C) they were injected with a placebo (and knew it)
D) they were injected with a placebo (but didn't know it)
Q2) The most complex form of happiness is ____.
A) emotional intelligence (EQ)
B) affect balance
C) positive emotion index (PEI)
D) life satisfaction
Q3) Which of the following emotions is most associated with seeking to do good acts, such as apologizing?
A) Shame
B) Guilt
C) Humiliation
D) Anger
Q4) Emotions are inner processes that help promote ________________ relations.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to cognitive dissonance theory, "we come to love the things we suffer for." For example, we tend to be especially loyal to groups that require severe or painful initiations. Why does this happen?
A) This happens because the goals themselves (the things that we suffer for) are actually always very valuable; otherwise, we wouldn't have suffered for them in the first place.
B) This happens because, deep down, people really like to suffer.
C) This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on our choices.
D) This happens because classical conditioning is at play: when we finally reach our goals, our suffering ends. We therefore associate our goals with "end of suffering" and come to love them.
Q2) Which statement about humans and animals is most correct?
A) Only humans have attitudes.
B) Both humans and animals have attitudes in about equal numbers.
C) Animals have more attitudes than humans.
D) Humans have more attitudes than animals.
Q3) Discuss cognitive dissonance theory. What does the theory say, and what kinds of predictions does it make?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Social Influence and Persuasion
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, messages that are highly image-conscious tend to appeal to people who are high in ____.
A) self-monitoring
B) the need for closure
C) the need for cognition
D) their tolerance for ambiguity
Q2) Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to the tendency to engage in, and enjoy, effortful thinking, analysis, and problem solving.
A) self-monitoring
B) private self-consciousness
C) need for cognition
D) intolerance for ambiguity
Q3) Psychologists who study persuasion use the term ____ to refer to whether a person "gets" a given message (i.e., whether a person pays attention and understands it).
A) receptivity
B) yielding
C) availability
D) same-mindedness
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Chapter 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When helping is altruistically motivated, people will try to ____.
A) ignore the suffering of others
B) escape having to see the suffering of others
C) reduce the suffering of others
D) make themselves feel better by doing something fun
Q2) When two people play the prisoner's dilemma game against one another, they tend to end up competing ____.
A) almost always-even if both players begin by cooperating
B) when one or both of the players begin by competing
C) only when both of the players begin by competing
D) almost never-even if both of the players begin by competing
Q3) Compared to people who do not have a strong belief in a just world, people who do have a strong belief in a just world are MORE likely to ____.
A) show a tendency to help attractive victims more than unattractive victims
B) blame victims for their plight
C) help others in emergency situations
D) help others in both emergency situations and non-emergency situations
Q4) In evolutionary theory, the tendency for people to help others who share their genes is known as ________________.
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Chapter 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
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187 Verified Questions
187 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Incidents in which males coerce females into having sex are fairly common, and can have serious, traumatic consequences for victims. As discussed in the text, how do such incidents compare to cases in which females coerce males into having sex?
A) These cases are also fairly common, with equally traumatic consequences.
B) These cases are also fairly common, but have less traumatic consequences.
C) These cases are extremely rare, but have equally traumatic consequences when they do occur.
D) These cases are extremely rare, and have less traumatic consequences.
Q2) Higher levels of plasma testosterone probably increase aggression slightly, but the outcome of winning and dominating affects testosterone levels just as much.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the different cognitive biases that tend to promote aggression in humans.
Q4) Katie is certain that when she quits her job, her boss will take it as a personal insult and be aggressive and rude with her. Katie is exhibiting the ____________________ bias.
Q5) Instinct theories argue that aggression is ____________________.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Interpersonal Attraction and Rejection
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198 Verified Questions
198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists define the need to belong as the desire to ____.
A) fit in, or be accepted by, individuals or groups of individuals
B) form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals
C) feel that one contributes to a cause or purpose larger than oneself
D) communicate with others and/or maintain interpersonal contact with others on a regular, ongoing basis
Q2) People who are high in ____ compartmentalize their social lives more than others.
A) self-monitoring
B) collectivism
C) self-handicapping
D) similarity biases
Q3) Apparently people sometimes like others based on nothing more than familiarity. This is called the ____.
A) social allergy effect
B) matching hypothesis
C) propinquity effect
D) Coolidge effect
Q4) Describe the necessary ingredients for a sense of belongingness.
Q5) Social exclusion can also be called ________________.
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Chapter 12: Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on gender differences in sex drive has found that, across virtually all measures, men have stronger sex drives than women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) People are often suspicious that their partners are cheating on them. How often are these suspicions unfounded? That is, how common is it for people to be suspicious about their spouses cheating when in fact their spouses have in fact been faithful?
A) Extremely common-about 90% of suspicions are unfounded.
B) Very common-about 75% of suspicions are unfounded
C) Somewhat common-about 30-40% of suspicions are unfounded.
D) Not that common-about 10-15% of suspicions are unfounded.
Q3) Gunther is surrounded by attractive, available women at work. Because of this, Gunther is likely to ____.
A) care less about money and more about sex
B) work much harder at his job regardless of whether he makes money or not
C) want money more than if the women were unattractive
D) want money less than if the women were unattractive
Q4) Is sex better within the context of marriage or when one is single?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
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186 Verified Questions
186 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Do implicit or explicit prejudiced attitudes do a better job of predicting workplace discrimination in hiring practices?
A) Implicit attitudes are more predictive.
B) Explicit attitudes are more predictive.
C) Implicit and explicit attitudes are equally predictive.
D) This has not been determined as of yet.
Q2) The so-called "discontinuity effect" is lessened when ____.
A) there is preexisting animosity between the groups
B) the group is large rather than small
C) individuals are highly identified with their group
D) individual group members are identifiable
Q3) Describe the so-called "scapegoat theory" of prejudice. What evidence is there for this theory? How else might this evidence be interpreted?
Q4) Research suggests that black students tend to perform better on academic exams when they experience stereotype threat than when they don't.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain what stereotype threat is, and how it affects performance.
Q6) To what degree are stereotypes accurate?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Groups
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193 Verified Questions
193 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which quality is characteristic of managers who lead companies to lasting success?
A) fierce resolve
B) flamboyance
C) narcissism
D) self-promotion
Q2) Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, wherein you are required to put together a presentation on Impressionist art. You are least likely to engage in social loafing if ____.
A) the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)
B) there are a number of Art History majors in the group (and you're not one of them)
C) the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester
D) the presentation is a very small part of the course grade
Q3) Identify and briefly discuss at least four factors that cause a group of people to feel especially unified and bonded.
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Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior
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29 Verified Questions
29 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) From an advertiser's point of view, one of the strengths of social media is the ____.
A) intelligence of social media users in comparison to nonusers
B) fact that even savagely negative reviews typically lead to increased sales
C) ease with which a single brand can come to dominate the media and hence the market
D) ability to gather consumer data that can be used to target ads
Q2) When people are shopping, crowding tends to ____.
A) intensify whatever experience we are having at the time
B) make the shopping experience more negative
C) increase purchasing
D) decrease purchasing
Q3) High self-monitors are to social aspects of products as low self-monitors are to ____.
A) product attributes and qualities
B) competitive product pricing
C) whether they have a need for the product
D) the experience of purchasing
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tend-and-befriend response is ____.
A) a female pattern of responding to general stress
B) a style of responding to aggressive threats that is often taught in anger-management therapies
C) a style of responding to aggressive threats that is characteristic of some (non-human) animals when confronted by dominant opponents
D) a general orientation toward others that many people take on when encountering new, ambiguous situations
Q2) Research has found that one of the strongest, most consistent psychological differences between males and females is with respect to ____.
A) identification of threatening situations
B) physiological responses to stress
C) production of cortisol in response to stress
D) seeking social support
Q3) People who experience ____ show a disease-prone personality.
A) low levels of anxiety
B) long-term negative feelings
C) high self-esteem
D) chronic positive affect
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A survey of 300 professionals involved in their company's hiring process indicated that ____ use social networking sites to screen prospective employees and that they have rejected applicants based on what they found on those sites.
A) 51%
B) 66%
C) 91%
D) 86%
Q2) Employees who perceive ____ in their organization have been found to experience more stress and strain leading to potential health issues.
A) unfairness
B) frequent change
C) production demands
D) excessive regulations
Q3) One of the defining characteristics of industrial/organizational psychology is its _____.
A) atheoretical orientation
B) focus on normal behavior
C) focus on basic rather than applied research
D) study of groups rather than individuals
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Applying Social Psychology to the Law
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34 Verified Questions
34 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dana says she was terrified when she was assaulted and is not sure she can identify who did it, especially since her glasses were knocked off early during the assault. She views a lineup in which the "true" perpetrator is known to be present. Dana, however, cannot pick the individual out of the line-up, resulting in a(n) ____.
A) correct rejection
B) incorrect rejection
C) correct identification
D) false identification
Q2) Compared to other juries, juries that are "death qualified" tend to ____.
A) over-represent the poor
B) over-represent women
C) remember more of the evidence that is presented in a trial
D) be more likely to judge defendants guilty rather than innocent
Q3) When instructions to individuals viewing the lineup include a warning that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup, there is a(n) ____.
A) decrease in the number of correct identifications made by witnesses
B) increase in the number of correct identifications made by witnesses
C) decrease in the number of mistaken identifications made by witnesses
D) increase in the number of mistaken identifications made by witnesses
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research suggests that the major components of air pollution affect the health of ____ people in the United States.
A) a small minority of
B) a large minority of
C) most
D) all
Q2) Suppose that you and your four roommates decide to get a dog. Unfortunately, you are all fairly selfish with your time; no one takes responsibility for the dog, and no one communicates about the dog's needs. As a result, the dog rarely gets fed, only goes on walks occasionally, and has never once made it to the vet. In short, he is neglected, and he ultimately ends up costing you thousands of dollars in emergency room bills (which could have been avoided had you taken him to the vet early on). Social psychologists would say that the dog is a victim of ____.
A) the commons dilemma
B) overpersonalization
C) the rule of law
D) confirmation bias
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