Cognitive Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology explores the mental processes underlying human thought, learning, and memory. This course examines how people perceive, process, and store information, investigating topics such as attention, language, reasoning, decision making, and problem solving. Through the study of experimental findings and theoretical frameworks, students gain an understanding of how cognitive functions influence everyday behavior and are applied across real-world situations. Key research methodologies and modern applications, including cognitive neuroscience, are also discussed, providing a comprehensive overview of how the mind works from a scientific perspective.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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Q1) Frederic Bartlett's 1932 work on memory showed that:
A) memories are formed because of simple associations.
B) repetition of information can improve one's memory.
C) memory is not an elaborate network but a set of simple connected ideas.
D) prior knowledge influences what one remembers.
Answer: D
Q2) Both Maine de Biran and William James agree that:
A) memory has a strong biological beginning in reflex pathways.
B) familiarity defines memory pathways.
C) simple rehearsal strengthens memory pathways.
D) complicated behaviors are formed from simple habits.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following researchers did NOT use animals to study behavior?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Edward Thorndike
C) John B. Watson
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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Q1) The synaptic potential created in a distant dendritic branch would most likely be _____ when it arrived at the cell body.
A) small
B) large
C) average
D) it depends on where it occurred
Answer: A
Q2) How was long-term potentiation (LTP) affected in genetically modified mice with extra NMDA receptors?
A) LTP was delayed.
B) LTP was induced more readily.
C) LTP did not occur.
D) The rate of LTP was normal at first but then it decreased.
Answer: B
Q3) The brain and the spinal cord are the two main parts of the autonomic nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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Q1) Habituation of the defensive reflex in the Aplysia is an example of long-term memory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Johnston and Jernigan (1994) found that males:
A) preferred vaginal to flank secretions.
B) reacted differently to the vaginal and flank secretions of hamster A.
C) did not react differently to the vaginal and flank secretions of hamster A.
D) generally preferred the secretions of the female hamster to which he was habituated.
Answer: C
Q3) Distinguish between the three different types of diminished responses.
Answer: The three types of diminished responses are adaptation, habituation, and fatigue. When motor response decreases because sensory receptor sensitivity diminishes, this is called adaptation. If we perform a motor activity over and over, our muscles may become fatigued and stop responding. Neither of these instances is considered to be a form of learning, but the third type, habituation, is. Habituation occurs at the interneuron and is specific to a stimulus and the motor response.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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Q1) Findings from Cohen and Squire's (1984) key study supported the idea that
A) learning a skill and memory for words are similar tasks
B) the mental representation of an acquired skill is different from that of learning words
C) forgetting of novel stimuli occurs rapidly
D) forgetting of familiar stimuli occurs rapidly
Q2) When priming occurs of entire categories of words it is called ________ priming.
A) perceptual
B) conceptual
C) categorical
D) complex
Q3) The ability to discriminate stimuli at a finer grain than is supported by the acuity of individual receptors is called ________.
A) supracuity
B) sensitive acuity
C) fine acuity
D) hyperacuity
Q4) Discuss the findings for the research question, "Are faces perceived categorically?"
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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Q1) When the US ceases to follow the CS it is called ___________.
A) extinction
B) extinctive recovery
C) spontaneous recovery
D) reflexive recovery
Q2) Johnny was bitten by a German Shepherd but now he now scared of all dogs, even little ones. Johnny has ___________ his fear of German Shepherds to all dogs.
A) discriminated
B) generalized
C) graded
D) substituted
Q3) The Rescorla-Wagner can explain all but the following phenomenon in classical conditioning:
A) incremental excitatory conditioning that occurs when a CS is first paired with a US. B) blocking.
C) inhibitory conditioning when the when the US is less than expected.
D) excitatory conditioning when the US is less than expected.
Q4) Discuss why response extinction is not the same as forgetting.
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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Q1) When working with animals, foods tends to be a _________reinforcer, while the feeder noises are considered to be ________ reinforcers.
A) primary; secondary
B) secondary; primary
C) biological; environmental
D) innate; learned
Q2) If Hunter is being rewarded periodically for doing the dishes, he is being subjected to _________.
A) partial reinforcement
B) complete reinforcement
C) full reinforcement
D) continuous reinforcement
Q3) As you watch your mother typing on the computer you notice that she does not look at the keys and she moves over the keyboard effortlessly. She is in what stage of motor skill learning?
A) cognitive stage
B) associative stage
C) autonomous stage
D) motor stage
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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Q1) Which of the following provides evidence that fear conditioning is rapid and long lasting?
A) Alzheimer's disease
B) PTSD
C) Urbach-Wiethe disease
D) people taking beta blockers
Q2) An early anatomical explanation for the repetitive rumination of emotional experiences comes from ___________.
A) the circular nature of the feedback loop from the emotional center to the memory centers
B) the circular nature of the emotional communication system
C) the positioning of the limbic system on the limbus
D) the connection between the hypothalamus and the amygdala
Q3) Results of a case study of a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis, showing damage to the hippocampus and the amygdala, indicated a problem with
A) unconditioned responses
B) being conditioned to a boat horn
C) remembering the unconditioned stimulus
D) inhibiting their conditioned fear response
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Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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Q1) A.R. Luria studied the memory capacities of S., a journalist and a(n) _________.
A) mnemonist
B) alcoholic
C) chess expert
D) professor
Q2) How do mnemonists develop their extensive memory skills?
Q3) When applying to graduate schools you are told that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to an experimental psychology program and it is harder to get into an experimental psychology program than a social work program. You deduce that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to a social work program through ____________.
A) transitive inference
B) implicit memory
C) declarative inference
D) procedural memory
Q4) "Knowing that" something is true is also called _________ memory.
A) procedural
B) syntax
C) declarative
D) implicit
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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Q1) In ROC experiments, when a subject is highly confident about an item then familiarity tends to be judged as high.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to dual process theories familiarity and recollection are seen as
A) independent processes
B) dependent processes
C) independent from recognition memory
D) independent from recall memory
Q3) Familiarity causes a curvilinear shape in an ROC curve.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Psychologists have yet to devise a good study of false memory that is devoid of misattribution errors and suggestibility.
A)True
B)False
Q5) On tests of recognition, aged subjects tend to have a high rate of false alarms. A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Q1) Describe the findings from the Damasio and colleagues (1996) study on individuals with aphasia, which supported the idea that different cortical areas mediate distinct categories of verbal knowledge.
Q2) A specific spatial reference system that works independently of the viewer is called ________.
A) egocentric
B) survey
C) environmental
D) unbiased
Q3) Before traveling to a new place you go to Mapquest and get the directions from your town to the new town. This is an example of _______ knowledge.
A) survey
B) route
C) episodic
D) egocentric
Q4) Describe the two reference systems from which one could gain survey knowledge of one's environment.
Q5) Describe Farah and McClelland's (1991) model of semantic memory.
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Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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Q1) Animals with lesioned parietal lobes tend to show graded temporal amnesia on spatial tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q2) H.M.'s memory was best for events that occurred in the 1940s.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Gary recalls the statistics for the prevalence rates of autism and that it is increasing in his state but he can't remember where he read it or when he read it. Gary is making a(n) ________ error.
A) dubious
B) source memory
C) autobiographical memory
D) self-monitoring
Q4) Discuss why the interval between conditional learning and damage to the hippocampus is important for understanding memory. Discuss the research that supports this.
Q5) What is known about how sleep helps with consolidation of memory?
Q6) Discuss how temporally graded retrograde amnesia is related to memory consolidation.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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Q1) Short-term memory tends to rely on _______ while long-term memory relies on
A) stimulus meaning; perceptual qualities
B) perceptual qualities; stimulus meaning
C) perceptual qualities; actual qualities
D) simple information; complex information
Q2) If you have to remember to buy five things from the store but you can't write them down on a list you might try rehearsing them in your mind. This process is called
A) working memory
B) buffered memory
C) string memory
D) active memory
Q3) Compared to normals, amnesics show impaired long-term memory storage for a serial list task but their short-term memory tends to remain intact.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain how researchers test an animal's ability to rule shift. Describe different types of rule shifting.
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