Cognitive Processes
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Cognitive Processes explores the fundamental mental activities that underlie human thought, including perception, attention, memory, language, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. This course examines classic theories and contemporary research, highlighting how the brain processes information and how these processes influence everyday behavior. Students will analyze cognitive models and experimental findings, gaining insights into topics such as cognitive development, the neural basis of cognition, and the impact of cognitive biases on judgment. The course also discusses applications of cognitive research in fields such as education, psychology, artificial intelligence, and human-computer interaction.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce
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13 Chapters
767 Verified Questions
767 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
A) Donald Broadbent
B) Colin Cherry
C) Newell and Simon
D) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: A
Q2) Which book was written by Thomas Kuhn?
A) Verbal Behavior
B) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
C) Cognitive Psychology
D) Sensory Memory
Answer: B
Q3) Which memory is used for physical actions?
A) Long-term memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Semantic memory
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?
A) Doctrine
B) Synapse
C) Axon
D) Dendrite
Answer: B
Q2) In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?
A) Information processing model
B) Genetic processing model
C) Data processing model
D) Signal processing model
Answer: A
Q3) Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?
A) Heart
B) Brain
C) Lungs
D) Kidney
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Perception
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?
A) a forest
B) a skyscraper
C) a shopping mall
D) a toll booth
Answer: C
Q2) The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
A) that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.
B) that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects.
C) an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
D) that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.
Answer: C
Q3) Perception is NOT essential for
A) creating memories.
B) acquiring knowledge.
C) solving problems.
D) improving empathy.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Attention
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58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
A) the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.
B) the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory memory.
C) only a select set of environmental information enters the system.
D) incoming information is selected by the detector.
Q2) According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
A) The word "money"
B) Their child's first name
C) The word "home"
D) The word "platypus"
Q3) Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?
A) Early selection
B) Filtering
C) Channeling
D) Dichotic listening
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
A) Chunking in sensory memory
B) Buffering in the central executive
C) Rehearsal in short-term memory
D) Rotation in the phonological loop
Q2) A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.
A) short-term
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) autobiographical
Q3) What is the typical duration of short-term memory?
A) 15 to 50 seconds
B) 15 to 20 seconds
C) 5 to 7 seconds
D) 7 to 15 seconds
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
A) intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B) intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.
C) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D) intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
Q2) The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.
A) knowledge
B) emotions
C) future
D) neural networks
Q3) Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
A) declarative and non-declarative
B) personal semantic and remote
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit and procedural
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
A) transfer-appropriate processing.
B) episodic-based processing.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) personal semantic memory.
Q2) Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?
A) Classification
B) Elaboration
C) Rehearsal
D) Engagement
Q3) When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.
A) state-dependent
B) stimulus-fluency
C) transfer-appropriate
D) recall-potentiation
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define source monitoring errors and describe some research that illustrates them. Then explain why these errors reinforce the characterization of memory as being "constructive."
Q2) After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?
A) Structured
B) Autobiographical
C) Suggestible
D) Multidimensional
Q3) In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.
A) schemas
B) scripts
C) confabulation
D) bias
Q4) Provide an example of when you experienced the Proustian effect. What was your response to the experience?
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how personal knowledge impacts the basic level of categorization under Rosch's approach. Give examples comparing two individuals' knowledge of a concept to support your thinking.
Q2) One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
A) semantic network
B) hierarchical
C) spreading activation
D) connectionist
Q3) Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
A) Semantic network theory
B) The prototype approach
C) Parallel distributed processing theory
D) Enhancement due to priming
Q4) Present a hierarchical model for a living thing or artifact, moving from specific to general. Include at least three levels and be sure to include both sensory and functional properties.
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11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
A) tacit knowledge.
B) a proposition.
C) the method of loci.
D) a depictive representation.
Q2) Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
A) size of the field of view.
B) recognition of objects in the left side of space.
C) ability to visually recognize objects.
D) ability to draw objects from memory.
Q3) The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
A) visual icons.
B) mental images.
C) perceptual images.
D) echoic schemas
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Chapter 11: Language
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56 Verified Questions
56 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they
A) had a large number of sophisticated language systems.
B) had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies.
C) communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it.
D) had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.
Q2) When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as
A) anaphoric inferencing.
B) phonemic restoration.
C) garden pathing.
D) syntactic priming.
Q3) Conversation is often described as a "give and take" that is generally more effective when people are "on the same page." Explain these concepts from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Provide examples to support your ideas.
Q4) Explain how language and music are both similar and different.
Q5) Identify the types of meaning dominance in language. Give examples of each to support your thinking.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intermediate states can be created by
A) restructuring initial states.
B) restructuring goal states.
C) creating operators.
D) creating subgoals.
Q2) In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke.
A) convergent thinking
B) creative cognition
C) divergent thinking
D) the means-end analysis
Q3) The radiation problem can be solved using
A) representation and restructuring.
B) means-end analysis.
C) warmth judgments.
D) mental set.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using
A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) framing.
D) the law of small numbers.
Q2) Compare and contrast myside bias and confirmation bias. Give an example of each concept to support your thinking.
Q3) Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?
A) Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.
B) Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement.
C) Lydia is a state governor.
D) Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement.
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