Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience Exam Practice Tests
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. This course integrates methods and findings from psychology, neuroscience, and related disciplines to examine how the structure and function of the brain give rise to cognitive abilities. Key topics include neuroimaging techniques, the mapping of cognitive functions to specific brain regions, neurological disorders, and the relationship between brain activity and behavior. Through lectures, readings, and hands-on activities, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how brain function supports cognitive processes in both healthy and clinical populations.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?
A) It infers mental processes based on objective data.
B) It produces results that are too easy to verify.
C) It produces variable results from person to person.
D) It requires no training.
Answer: C
Q2) Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?
A) Raynor
B) Sanders
C) James
D) Tolman
Answer: D
Q3) In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a
A) memory recall task.
B) simple reaction time task.
C) choice reaction time task.
D) operant conditioning task.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?
A) Dendrites
B) Axons
C) Synapses
D) Receptors
Answer: D
Q2) Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?
A) Specificity coding
B) Localization of function
C) Hierarchical processing
D) Distributed representation
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.
A) where; what
B) what; where
C) size; distance
D) distance; size
Answer: B
Q2) The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.
A) cultural
B) anticipatory
C) reductive
D) intellectual
Answer: B
Q3) What is a scene schema?
A) Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
B) Knowledge of the meaning of a scene
C) Knowledge of the events leading to a scene
D) Knowledge of why a scene should be visualized
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
A) once processing had become automatic.
B) when processing was done verbally.
C) when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters.
D) when processing was more controlled.
Q2) __________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
A) Binding
B) Integration
C) Assimilation
D) Equilibration
Q3) The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.
A) meaning
B) color
C) size
D) font
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
A) just under a fraction of a second.
B) 15-20 seconds or less.
C) one to three minutes or more.
D) indefinite.
Q2) According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
A) Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
B) Trying to remember a map of the area
C) Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
D) Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
Q3) Digit span is one measure of capacity of
A) short-term memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) long-term semantic memory.
Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of short-term memory and working memory. How do the models of each concept differ and why?
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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Q1) According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that
A) it involves mental time travel.
B) it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened.
C) it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience.
D) it involves both explicit and implicit memories.
Q2) Which of the following involves procedural memory?
A) Knowing how it feels to be scared
B) Recalling a childhood memory
C) Knowing how an automobile engine works
D) Reading a sentence in a book
Q3) Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.
A) aware; unaware
B) self; others
C) primacy; recency
D) episodic; semantic
Q4) Explain the difference between "knowing" and "remembering" from Tulving's perspective. Give an example of each to support your thinking.
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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Q1) The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory.
A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) depth of processing
D) forming connections with other information
Q2) Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of A) a self-reference effect.
B) repetition priming.
C) implicit memory.
D) elaborative rehearsal.
Q3) Describe the principle and process underlying the memory work conducted with people who have PTSD. Be sure to use core concepts from the chapter in your response.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.
A) repressed
B) false
C) illusory
D) flashbulbs
Q2) Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
A) It is vivid memory for emotional events.
B) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event.
C) It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
D) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.
Q3) Explain why a flashbulb memory is both special and ordinary. Provide an example of a flashbulb memory from your own experience to support your thinking.
Q4) Explain why it is better that we cannot remember every single thing that we experience.
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Q1) Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves
A) more prototypes than Bob's.
B) more exemplars than Bob's.
C) more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's.
D) the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.
Q2) Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.
A) can fly; bird
B) can fly; canary
C) has feathers; ostrich
D) bird; penguin
Q3) Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?
A) Crowding
B) Learning
C) Prototyping
D) Mirroring
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?
A) Spatial
B) Hypothetical
C) Propositional
D) Depictive
Q2) Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap?
A) Paired-associate learning
B) Method of loci
C) Multivoxel pattern analysis
D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Q3) Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure.
A) mental scanning
B) categorization
C) priming
D) mental walk
Q4) What is the consensus on neural overlap in perception and imagery? Provide descriptions of at least two research efforts to support your answer.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) The constraint-based approach to parsing states that
A) semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence.
B) semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.
C) the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing.
D) semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.
Q2) Conversation is often described as a "give and take" that is generally more effective when people are "on the same page." Explain these concepts from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Provide examples to support your ideas.
Q3) Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?
A) Lexical priming
B) Object-relative construction
C) Meaning dominance
D) Positional inference
Q4) Define inference as it applies to text processing. Write a sample narrative paragraph that includes examples of anaphoric inference, instrument inference, and causal inference. Identify and describe each occurrence.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates
A) creative cognition.
B) group brainstorming.
C) convergent thinking.
D) structural analyses.
Q2) Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
A) Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight
B) Using a tire as a football practice target
C) Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
D) Using a wine bottle as a vase
Q3) What are potential drawbacks to group brainstorming? What strategies could be used to address these issues?
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Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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Q1) Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by
A) the principle of diversity.
B) confirmation bias.
C) the framing effect.
D) the law of large numbers.
Q2) Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)
A) availability heuristic.
B) confirmation bias.
C) conjunction rule.
D) permission schema.
Q3) Define both deductive and inductive reasoning, and explain how they are different. Give examples of each to support your thinking.
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