Cognitive Development Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Development explores the processes by which children and adults acquire, organize, and utilize knowledge across the lifespan. This course examines major theories, such as those of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information-processing approaches, and investigates how cognition evolves in domains including perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and reasoning. Emphasis is placed on both biological and environmental factors that influence cognitive growth, including the roles of genetics, culture, social interaction, and education. Through a combination of empirical research examination and practical application, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how thinking develops, changes, and can be supported throughout life.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was
A) Franciscus Donders.
B) Hermann von Helmholtz.
C) Wilhelm Wundt.
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus.
Answer: C
Q2) Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?
A) A diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages
B) A computer program for solving logic problems
C) An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information
D) The first textbook of cognitive psychology
Answer: A
Q3) The example at the beginning of the book, in which Raphael talks to his friend on a cell phone on his way to class, was used to illustrate how
A) cognitive psychologists study problem solving in adults.
B) complex but seemingly effortless human cognition is.
C) human cognition is affected by emotional events.
D) both physiology and behavior is important to the study of cognition.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of the brain is important for touch?
A) Occipital lobe
B) Hippocampus
C) Temporal lobe
D) Parietal lobe
Answer: D
Q2) Positron emission tomography (PET)utilizes which of the following tools?
A) Disc electrode
B) Microelectrode
C) Radioactive tracer
D) Hemoglobin
Answer: C
Q3) An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity.If the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are
A) less frequent and smaller in size.
B) less frequent and of the same size.
C) as frequent and smaller in size.
D) the same signal as with the higher stimulus intensity.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
A) Speech segmentation
B) Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm
C) The response of a feature detector
D) Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together
Answer: A
Q2) A heuristic is a
A) "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem.
B) procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem.
C) series of rules that specify how we organize parts into wholes.
D) short algorithm.
Answer: A
Q3) When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language, the words seem to speed by in an unbroken string of sound.To a speaker of that language, the words seem separated.The Gestalt law that is operating here is the law of A) similarity.
B) familiarity.
C) nearness.
D) good continuation.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Q1) Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements
A) usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second. B) were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene.
C) were determined primarily by the task.
D) continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.
Q2) The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for A) modality.
B) meaning.
C) physical characteristics. D) location.
Q3) Treisman's model has been called a "leaky filter" model.Describe her model, and explain why it is "leaky." How does Treisman's model explain the results of Moray's "words in the unattended ear" experiment?
Q4) Define change blindness.Explain two sets of experimental data that illustrate this phenomenon.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) Define working memory.Explain the functions of each of the three components of working memory and provide experimental evidence for the phonological loop, making sure you describe 1)the phonological similarity effect, 2)the word-length effect, and 3)articulatory suppression.
Q2) Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time.His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him.At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names.The same thing happens with a second group and a third group.At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant.A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant).Lamar's experience demonstrates
A) The phonological similarity effect
B) A build-up and release of proactive interference
C) The cocktail party phenomenon
D) A partial-report procedure
Q3) A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with A) STM
B) LTM
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Q1) Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test.Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?
A) One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
B) One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook.
C) One student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be, but she does not want to leave a question blank. So, she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense.
D) One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank.
Q2) Describe the serial position curve.Draw a graph (labeling each axis)to illustrate the curve, making sure you explain each "section" of the curve.Explain the structural features of memory responsible for the shape of the curve.
Q3) Explain how psychologists distinguish between episodic and semantic memory, and also how these two types of memories are connected.
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Q1) Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
A) Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
B) Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
C) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
D) Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
Q2) Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate processing.Describe experimental results for both and highlight their significance to our understanding of memory.
Q3) Your text explains what memory research tells us about studying.Name and describe the five techniques for improving learning and memory given in the text's discussion, and what experimental result supports each technique.
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of A) a sequence of actions.
B) what is involved in a particular experience.
C) information stored in both semantic and episodic memory.
D) items appropriate to a particular setting.
Q2) Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony.One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.
A) decreasing B) increasing
Q3) For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for A) childhood and adolescence.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early adulthood and middle age.
D) childhood and middle age.
Q4) An important application of memory research has been in understanding the nature of eyewitness testimony.Citing the research in your text, explain why people make errors in eyewitness testimony.
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Q1) Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?
A) Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.
B) Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling.
C) Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories.
D) Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it.
Q2) Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
A) disrupts the processing of another stimulus.
B) acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct.
C) facilitates the response to another stimulus.
D) relates to a prototype.
Q3) Compare and contrast the standard object for the prototype approach to categorization and for the exemplar approach to categorization.Include descriptions of how the standards can lead to similar as well as different categorization judgments.
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.
A) spatial
B) propositional
C) tacit
D) neuron
Q2) Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect.This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw.His behavior shows
A) neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.
B) neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported.
C) neglect occurred in imagery so that the patient, imagining the walk from one direction and neglecting the left side of the plaza, was then unable to imagine walking the plaza from the other direction.
D) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.
A) global connections
B) situation models
C) causal inference
D) speech continuity
Q2) Noam Chomsky proposed that
A) humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.
B) language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement.
C) as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before.
D) the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?
A) Word frequency effect
B) Word superiority effect
C) Phonemic restoration effect
D) The lexical decision task
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s)an important role in solving scientific problems.
A) analogies
B) insight
C) flexibility
D) subgoals
Q2) The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving A) design fixation.
B) creative cognition. C) insight. D) search.
Q3) Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they A) made the objects themselves.
B) had received training in creative thinking. C) had been preselected as "creative" individuals. D) were told they were expected to be creative.
Q4) Describe the Gestalt approach to problem solving and provide an example.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks.They are unable to
A) identify events that were described in the story.
B) understand individual words.
C) follow the order of events in the story.
D) all of these
Q2) Mia has lived in New York City all her life.She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly.Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using
A) the law of large numbers.
B) an atmosphere effect.
C) an illusory correlation.
D) the falsification principle.
Q3) Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.
A) deductive
B) syllogistic
C) inductive
D) connective
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