Biological Psychology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Biological Psychology explores the relationship between the brain, the nervous system, and behavior, focusing on how biological processes influence thoughts, emotions, and actions. The course covers essential topics such as neural communication, brain anatomy, sensory and motor systems, neurotransmitters, hormones, and the biological basis of mental health disorders. Through an examination of both classic and contemporary research, students gain insight into how genetics, neurobiology, and evolution contribute to psychological phenomena, providing a foundation for understanding the intricate connections between body and mind.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience An Introduction to Biological Psychology 4th Edition by Laura
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Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?
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Q1) Examination of a body after death is known as A) autopsy.
B) phrenology.
C) microdialysis.
D) optogenetics.
Answer: A
Q2) Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensors are used in
A) PET scans.
B) fMRI.
C) MEG.
D) electroencephalography.
Answer: C
Q3) Most chemicals in the blood supply
A) enter the brain more easily than other organs.
B) are less likely to enter the brain than other organs.
C) enter the brain as easily as other organs.
D) are unable to enter the brain or other organs.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The brain floats in CSF so that
A) it is cushioned to protect it from impact or sudden changes in movement.
B) it can efficiently eliminate wastes from the brain into the CSF drainage.
C) it can receive oxygen and glucose from the CSF bathing it.
D) to both eliminate wastes and take in oxygen and glucose.
Answer: A
Q2) Which major plane of section in anatomy runs parallel to the midline?
A) coronal
B) saggital
C) horizontal
D) oblique
Answer: B
Q3) (see Figure 2.21)
Fill in the names of the four lobes depicted in this figure:
Area 1: ____________________
Area 2: ____________________
Area 3: ____________________
Area 4: ____________________
Answer: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Neurophysiology: The Structure and Functions of the
Cells of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extracellular fluid is most similar in chemical composition to A) fresh water.
B) seawater.
C) alcoholic beverages.
D) caffeinated energy drinks.
Answer: B
Q2) While Dr. Jackson is recording the activity of a squid axon, he finds that a larger depolarizing shock is necessary on occasion in order to produce a new action potential. What is the most likely explanation for Dr. Jackson's observations?
A) The squid axon is such an artificial laboratory preparation, it cannot be expected to respond like an axon in a living animal.
B) Dr. Jackson's second shock probably occurs during a relative refractory period.
C) Dr. Jackson's second shock probably occurs during an absolute refractory period.
D) The squid axon in the laboratory does not have functioning sodium-potassium pumps.
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Botulinum, and its deactivated version Botox, causes muscle paralysis by
A) interfering with the synthesis of ACh.
B) preventing the release of ACh.
C) blocking ACh receptors.
D) blocking the action of AChE.
Q2) Marcia was born with an abnormality in her adrenal glands that results in the production of excess catecholamines. Which of the following medications might be most useful for treating her condition?
A) There is no possible way to treat Marcia's condition.
B) amphetamine, because it is a potent catecholamine reuptake inhibitor
C) Botox, because it will prevent the release of catecholamines
D) AMPT, because it interferes with the production of catecholamines
Q3) The major inhibitory neurochemical of the CNS is
A) glutamate.
B) GABA.
C) serotonin.
D) ACh.
Q4) Organophosphates are potent insecticides and nerve agents. What about their method of action makes them drugs of choice for both of these functions?
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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Q1) Extreme skewing in x-inactivation has been linked with which of the following characteristics in offspring?
A) hemophilia
B) colorblindness
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) autoimmune diseases
Q2) When the caudal part of the neural tube fails to close, what disorder typically results?
A) anencephaly
B) Down syndrome
C) Williams syndrome
D) spina bifida
Q3) A growth cone for a developing neuron is
A) a structure that influences neighboring cells in differentiation.
B) an attractant chemical that guides axon growth and inhibits meiosis.
C) a death gene that is expressed when a cell "decides" to die, leading to the formation of exact replacements for that cell.
D) the swollen end of an axon or dendrite that facilitates the branching structure to reach its synaptic target.
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Chapter 6: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lens obtains its nutrients from
A) its own blood supply.
B) the aqueous humor.
C) the vitreous humor.
D) the blood supply of the iris.
Q2) Luisa has cataracts that are caused because her
A) lens is elongated.
B) eye is shortened.
C) cornea is misshapen.
D) lens became clouded.
Q3) Red, or long-wavelength, cones contain which of the following photopigments?
A) rhodopsin
B) cyanolabe
C) chlorolabe
D) erythrolabe
Q4) Angelia has a cat named Mittens. As a result of increased contrast sensitivity, Mittens has better vision for details than Angelia.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vanne is painting a model of the human ear for a class project. She is trying to choose which color to use on the ______ so that she might remember that it contains the receptors that detect sound.
A) semicircular canals
B) ossicles
C) auditory canal
D) cochlea
Q2) Tennille is studying for a quiz on the auditory system. She writes in her notes that hertz are the units used to measure sound's
A) loudness.
B) intensity.
C) frequency.
D) timbre.
Q3) Fiber pathways carrying information about touch cross the midline in the A) spinal cord.
B) medulla.
C) midbrain.
D) forebrain.
Q4) Describe the types of mechanoreceptors that provide information about touch.
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Chapter 8: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Primary motor cortex is located in the _________ gyrus of the _________ lobe.
A) precentral; frontal
B) precentral; parietal
C) postcentral; frontal
D) postcentral; parietal
Q2) One major difference between striated and smooth muscles is that
A) smooth muscles move the voluntary system and striated muscles move automatic systems.
B) striated muscles are responsible for fast twitch and smooth muscles are responsible for slow twitch.
C) striated muscles move mostly voluntary systems while smooth muscles move involuntary, automatic systems.
D) smooth muscles are made up of myofibrils and striated muscles are made up of only sarcomeres.
Q3) Degeneration of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord is characteristic of A) polio.
B) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
C) muscular dystrophy.
D) myasthenia gravis.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward
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Sample Questions
Q1) Temperature-insensitive neurons in the POA and posterior hypothalamus
A) play no role in the maintenance of core temperature.
B) increase their firing rate when temperature reaches a set point.
C) maintain a fairly steady firing rate.
D) increase their firing rate when core temperature increases.
Q2) When scientists first discovered that externally administering leptin to obese mice produced dramatic weight loss, they were excited about leptin's potential as a weight loss aid for people. Subsequently, obese humans were found to be producing high levels of leptin, to which they had become resistant. Describe the likely outcomes of leptin resistance to the appetite and feeding patterns of obese humans.
Q3) Anorexia nervosa affects approximately _________ percent of young females in America.
A) 1.5
B) 3
C) 5.5
D) 8
Q4) Hyponatremia occurs when sodium levels are high, but fluid levels are low.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maternal bonding behaviors in humans, such as vocalizations and gazing, are positively correlated with a woman's levels of which of the following hormones during her pregnancy?
A) testosterone
B) vasopressin
C) oxytocin
D) estradiol
Q2) Benjamin is studying for a test on the female external genitalia. He would need to be able to identify and discuss the roles of the
A) uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina.
B) seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate.
C) penis and scrotum.
D) labia, clitoris, and outer portion of the vagina.
Q3) Compared with genetic disorders associated with chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes, disorders involving sex chromosomes have relatively mild effects on cognition.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss how the internal sexual organs develop differently from the gonads.
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain are high during _______________ sleep but lower during ______________ sleep.
A) REM; wakefulness and NREM
B) NREM; wakefulness and REM
C) wakefulness and REM; NREM
D) wakefulness and NREM; REM
Q2) The muscular paralysis associated with REM sleep results from A) inhibition of the primary motor cortex by the pontine reticular formation.
B) PGO spikes.
C) inhibition originating in the reticular formation and traveling to the spinal cord.
D) inhibition of the basal ganglia.
Q3) School board member Lineman has proposed that his district change the school times so that classes begin later in the morning because he knows that this will A) have little effect on school performance of children and teens.
B) boost school performance of elementary students but have no effect on teens and young adults.
C) improve school performance of teens and young adults.
D) decrease school performance of teens and young adults.
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neural recordings by Ojemann and his colleagues showed that A) we probably have generic memory neurons.
B) neurons responded differently to the specific type of information being processed.
C) neurons produce the same level of activity during encoding and retrieval.
D) neural activity is not correlated with specific memories.
Q2) The gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia is controlled by neurons in the A) brain.
B) buccal ganglia.
C) pedal ganglia.
D) abdominal ganglia.
Q3) During which memory phase do actin filaments produce larger, stiffer dendritic spines?
A) generation.
B) stabilization.
C) consolidation.
D) maintenance.
Q4) Summarize the role of the amygdala in the classical conditioning of fear.
Q5) LTD occurs in multiple regions of the brain. Explain how LTD occurs in the cerebellum.
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Chapter 13: Cognition
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Q1) Initial processing of sound occurs in structure #____________________, or ____________________, and comprehension of speech is processed by structure #____________________, or ____________________.
Q2) An aphasia is best defined as a
A) total loss of the ability to produce language.
B) total or partial loss of the ability to produce or comprehend language.
C) partial loss of the ability to comprehend language.
D) total or partial loss of the ability to read or write.
Q3) Ashley suddenly experienced problems with processing spatial and emotional information. Her physicians suspected that she may have an abnormality in her A) corpus callosum.
B) massa intermedia.
C) right hemisphere. D) left hemisphere.
Q4) American Sign Language (ASL), which uses movement and vision instead of sound, is represented in completely different parts of the brain than verbal languages. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Emotion, Aggression, and Stress
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Sample Questions
Q1) When receptors in the amygdala report high levels of cortisol, the amygdala inhibits further activity in the HPA axis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Children who are blind from birth
A) do not show normal emotional expression.
B) develop emotional expression faster than sighted infants.
C) develop emotional expression more slowly than sighted infants.
D) develop emotional expression at about the same time as sighted infants.
Q3) The systematic hunting and killing of other members of the same species is found in A) all mammals.
B) animals that live socially, like dogs and humans.
C) humans only.
D) humans and chimpanzees.
Q4) The term fight or flight was coined by
A) Paul Broca.
B) James Papez.
C) Walter Cannon.
D) Hans Selye.
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using virtual reality (VR) for rehabilitation after brain injury
A) does not produce any significant benefits.
B) is impossible, given the inability of patients to use the technology.
C) might be used in the future but is not currently available.
D) allows the patient to receive more hours of rehabilitation than more traditional methods requiring the presence of a therapist.
Q2) Symptoms of tumors include
A) general symptoms due to increased pressure and specific symptoms related to the location of the tumor.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased amounts of cerebrospinal fluid.
D) loss of the ability to plan behavior.
Q3) The area of neural tissue surrounding an infarct is known as the A) embolism.
B) thrombosis.
C) penumbra.
D) aneurysm.
Q4) PrPC stands for ____________________, whereas PrPSC stands for ____________________.
Q5) Describe the two major types of generalized seizures.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with major depressive disorder (MDD) spend
A) more time in REM sleep than usual.
B) less time in REM sleep than usual.
C) more time in both REM and NREM than usual.
D) less time in both REM and NREM than usual.
Q2) Research about antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and the MAOA gene has shown that
A) variations in the MAOA gene interact with child maltreatment.
B) the low-activity version of the MAOA gene always results in criminal behavior.
C) the low-activity version of the MAOA gene always results in ASPD.
D) the high-activity version of the MAOA gene always results in ASPD.
Q3) Stephanie has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). While participating in a research study at her university, her brain activity was assessed during a decision-making task. Compared with healthy controls, what difference might the researchers observe in Stephanie's brain activity?
A) Her hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex would have increased volume.
B) Her orbitofrontal cortex would be more active.
C) Her left cerebral hemisphere would show increased activity.
D) Her anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) would show abnormal activation.
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