Behavioral Statistics
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Behavioral Statistics is a foundational course that introduces students to the core statistical concepts and methods used in the behavioral sciences. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance, emphasizing their application in psychological and behavioral research. Through hands-on exercises and real-world examples, students learn to organize, analyze, and interpret data, equipping them with the quantitative skills necessary to critically evaluate research findings and conduct their own statistical analyses in future academic or professional settings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by
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Page 2
Neil J. Salkind
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics?
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can a course in statistics make you a better student in the sciences?
Answer: Having some background in statistics makes you a better student in the sciences because you will have a better understanding not only of what you read in journals but also what your professors and colleagues may be discussing and doing in and out of class.
Q2) Explain the steps in creating a function that would add the data in a range of cells?
Answer: Enter the function in the cell where you want the results to appear, enter the range of cells on which you want the function to operate, and press the Enter key.
Q3) Most of the basic statistical procedures were first developed and used in agriculture and which of the following fields?
A) biology
B) botany
C) astronomy
D) geology
Answer: C
Q4) What is a function?
Answer: A function is a predefined formula.
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) Who was the inventor of the correlation?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Charles Darwin
C) Francis Galton
D) Jacob Cohen
Answer: C
Q2) What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the distribution?
A) variability
B) outliers
C) skew
D) percentile
Answer: B
Q3) When might you want to use the moving average tool?
Answer: A moving average might be used when you have a distribution that has outliers in order to obtain a more accurate representation.
Q4) What is the mean of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The mean is 14.57
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Q1) In the formula for computing the variance, what does the letter "n" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) mean value of the group
D) individual scores
Answer: B
Q2) When subtracting the largest number in a distribution from the smallest, what type of variability is being calculated?
A) outliers
B) standard deviation
C) variance
D) range
Answer: D
Q3) What are the measures of variability discussed in the textbook?
Answer: Range, standard deviation, variance
Q4) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The variance is 11.29
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the mean of a set of scores is greater than the median, what can be said about the distribution?
A) Negatively skewed
B) Positively skewed
C) Platykurtic
D) Leptokurtic
Q2) If the median of a set of scores is greater than the mean, what can be said about the distribution?
A) Negatively skewed
B) Positively skewed
C) Platykurtic
D) Leptokurtic
Q3) What is another name for a cumulative frequency polygon?
A) Olive
B) Cumulative polygon
C) Ogive
D) Cumulative tally
Q4) If you have a distribution of 20 scores and you want 2 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
Q5) List the 10 ways to create great figures outlined in the text.
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Q1) If variables change in the opposite direction, what type of correlation is this called?
A) Positive correlation
B) Negative correlation
C) Positive causation
D) Negative causation
Q2) How do you determine the coefficient of determination and the coefficient of alienation?
Q3) Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a moderate relationship?
A) .25
B) .35
C) .45
D) .65
Q4) Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
A) Mean
B) Variance
C) Correlation
D) Standard deviation
Q5) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Q1) What are the four levels of measurement?
A) Rank, ordinal, nominal, ratio
B) Ratio, interval, categorical, nominal
C) Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
D) Nominal, rank, interval, ordinal
Q2) Test-retest reliability is an example of which of the following?
A) Measure of consistency
B) Measure of stability
C) Measure of agreement
D) Measure of equivalence
Q3) If you want to know that a test measures some underlying psychological construct, what type of validity evidence would you want to collect?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) Criterion validity
Q4) What are the traditional types of validity evidence?
Q5) If you were interested in describing the order of variables along a continuum, what level of measurement would you use?
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Q1) Which of the following symbols would be used in a nondirectional hypothesis?
A) \(<\)
B) \(=\)
C) \(>\)
D) \(\neq\)
Q2) Which of the following refers to the group to which you wish to generalize your results?
A) Sample
B) Population
C) Sampling error
D) General group
Q3) Which of the following represents a null hypothesis?
A) \(H _ { 1 } : \bar { X } _ { 1 } > \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
B) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } = \mu _ { 2 }\)
C) \(H _ { 1 : } : \bar { X } _ { 2 } \neq \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
D) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } > \mu _ { 2 }\)
Q4) Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and a research hypothesis.
Q5) What does the null hypothesis always refer to? What does the research hypothesis always refer to?
Q6) What is a hypothesis?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Q1) If a z score of 1.65 included 45% of the area under the normal curve from the mean, what percent remains above 1.65 on the x-axis?
A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 85%
D) 95%
Q2) If a coin is flipped 10 times, how many combinations or outcomes are possible?
A) 10²
B) 2¹?
C) 10¹?
D) 2²
Q3) If you know the z score, standard deviation, and mean, what formula would you use to compute the raw score?
A) \(X = ( \ { z } + s ) / \bar { X }\)
B) \(\bar { X } = z ( s ) + X\)
C) \(X = z ( s ) + \bar { X }\)
D) \(z = \bar { X } - X / s\)
Q4) What are the characteristics associated with the normal curve?
Page 10
Q5) Write the formula for calculating a z score.
Q6) How is the T score calculated?
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Chapter
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Q1) If you want to examine the difference between the average scores for students on a pretest/posttest measure, which of the statistical techniques should you select?
A) Regression
B) t test for dependent samples
C) Analysis of variance
D) t test for independent samples
Q2) Complete the following table:
\[\begin{array} { l | | c | c }
\hline & \text { "ru!l! True } & \text { "ruul!" False } \\
\hline \hline \text { Reject "rru!l!" } & & \\
\hline \text { Retain "ruLl!" } & & \\
\hline \end{array}\]
Q3) What is the formula for calculating power?
Q4) What is the difference between the obtained value and the critical value?
Q5) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the right of the critical value, under what percent of the normal curve did it fall?
Page 12
Q6) What are the Greek letters associated with Type I and Type II error?
Q7) List the steps to take when applying a statistical test to the null hypothesis.
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Q1) What can be said about data points and Z Tests?
Q2) When you reject the null hypothesis when it is really false, then you have made a?
A) Type I error
B) Incorrect decision
C) Type II error
D) Correct decision
Q3) If you have designed a 99% confidence interval to estimate the population average (?) with a known standard deviation for the populationstandard deviation for the populationstandard deviation for the population (?), what is supposed to be the correct critical values range for z?
Q4) Because these compare between two means to suggest whether both samples come from the same population the Z Test is similar to.
A) ANOVA
B) Chi-Test
C) F-Tests
D) T- Tests
Q5) When analyzing data types what type of chance should each individual have for being selected?
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Q1) What does t stat represent?
Q2) To determine whether you will reject the null hypothesis, the test statistic must be compared against the:
A) Critical value
B) Significance level
C) Obtained value
D) p value
Q3) What does t critical one-tail represent?
Q4) What does the Excel function TTEST compute?
A) t value
B) Probability of the t value occurring
C) Critical t value
D) Obtained t value
Q5) Which of the following relates to the difference you expect?
A) Hypothesized mean difference
B) Pearson correlation
C) Observations
D) Variance
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Q6) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Q1) What is another name that statisticians call dependent tests?
A) Regression
B) Correlation
C) Repeated measures
D) Group differences
Q2) In a t test for dependent samples that examines the difference between a pretest and posttest, what type of hypothesis is used?
A) Nondirectional
B) Directional
C) Null
D) Research
Q3) What does t stat represent?
Q4) What does the t test for dependent samples allow you to examine?
Q5) What is another name for a dependent samples t test?
A) Paired sample
B) Two sample
C) Independent sample
D) Freed sample
Q6) What does t critical one-tail represent?
Q7) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent? Page 15
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many?
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Q1) How are the F statistic and t statistic related?
Q2) Who is responsible for the invention of the F statistic?
A) Pearson Fisher
B) Karl Pearson
C) R. A. Fisher
D) R. A. Pearson
Q3) When computing the degrees of freedom for ANOVA, how is the between-group estimate calculated?
A) n - 1
B) k - 1
C) N - k
D) n/k
Q4) What is the F value?
Q5) What is the MS within value?
Q6) If the total sample size was 50 and three groups were examined, what is the between-groups degrees of freedom?
Q7) When is analysis of variance the appropriate statistical procedure to use?
Q8) What is the MS between value?
Q9) What is the formula for computing the F statistic?
Q10) What are the three different ANOVA options within the Analysis Toolpak? Page 17
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Results from an ANOVA are placed in what type of table?
A) ANOVA table
B) Source table
C) Effects table
D) Output table
Q2) What does a factorial 3 × 2 design represent? Give an example.
Q3) What type of design includes an ANOVA where one factor is repeated and the other is not?
A) Repeated design
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q4) When you have more than one factor, what type of ANOVA should be used?
A) One-way ANOVA
B) Multivariate ANOVA
C) Simple ANOVA
D) Factorial ANOVA
Q5) Create a 3 × 2 factorial design ANOVA.
Page 19
Q6) Write the null and research hypotheses to test both the main effects and interaction between gender and treatment (treatment = two levels).
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships Using the Correlation
Coefficient
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Q1) Which of the following Excel functions calculates a correlation coefficient similar to the CORREL function?
A) PEARSON
B) PHI
C) POINT-BISERIAL
D) BISERIAL
Q2) What two test statistics can be used to test the significance of a correlation coefficient?
Q3) If the correlation between two variables is .496, how much of the variance has not been accounted for?
A) 24.6%
B) 49.6%
C) 50.4%
D) 75.4%
Q4) Which of the following is another use for correlation coefficients?
A) Testing mean differences
B) Testing causal relationships
C) Estimating reliability
D) Estimating power
Q5) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Q1) In order to use two predictor variables, what must be the case concerning the variables?
Q2) Which of the following symbols is associated with the y-intercept in the regression equation?
A) X
B) Y
C) a
D) b
Q3) Write the equation for linear regression. What do the symbols represent?
Q4) Using the regression formula with slope = .704 and intercept = .719, what would the predicted college GPA be for a student whose current high school GPA = 3.2?
A) 2.97
B) 2.69
C) 3.00
D) 3.20
Q5) Explain what the regression line represents by naming three things that it allows us to examine.
22
Q6) What does X? represent in the multiple regression formula?
Q7) What is the standard error of estimate? What does it allow us to examine?
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Chapter
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Fisher's exact
Q2) Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the degrees of freedom for a one-sample chi-square?
A) n - 1
B) n - 3
C) r - 1
D) r - 3
Q3) Why is "goodness of fit" a commonly used name for the one-sample chi-square test?
Q4) What is the level of risk associated with the null hypothesis called?
A) Type II error
B) Type III error
C) Power
D) Type I error
Q5) How is a nonparametric test different from a parametric test?
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Q1) The major difference between SEM and other advanced techniques, such as factor analysis, is that SEM is what type of technique?
A) confirmatory
B) exploratory
C) compensatory
D) factorial
Q2) Which of the following advanced procedures is characterized by the use of more than one dependent variable?
A) ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) MANOVA
Q3) If you want to equalize initial differences between two groups before examining group differences, what procedure would you use?
A) ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) MANOVA
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