Behavioral Statistics
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Behavioral Statistics introduces students to the fundamental statistical concepts and techniques used in the behavioral sciences. The course covers descriptive and inferential statistics, including measures of central tendency, variability, probability, correlation, regression, hypothesis testing, and analysis of variance. Emphasis is placed on the application and interpretation of statistical analyses in psychological and behavioral research, enabling students to critically evaluate data, understand research findings, and utilize statistical software for data analysis. Through lectures, practical exercises, and real-world examples, students gain a solid foundation in understanding how statistical methods inform decisions and insights within the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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1368 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Q1) Define inferential statistics.
Answer: Inferential statistics are used to make inferences from a smaller group of data (the sample) to the larger group (population).
Q2) The past 100 years have seen numerous examples of new ways to use old ideas.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Define descriptive statistics.
Answer: Descriptive statistics are used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data.
Q4) When are descriptive measures most often used?
A)to describe how often something occurs
B)to determine if a sample is representative of a population
C)to predict an outcome
D)to determine the effect of an intervention
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which measure of central tendency is most influenced by outliers?
A)median
B)mode
C)mean
D)variance
Answer: C
Q2) What does the small n represent?
A)sample size
B)population size
C)sum of scores
D)mean score
Answer: A
Q3) When is the nominal level of measurement the correct level of measurement to use?
Answer: When we measure a variable that has categories like female or male, we can use the nominal level of measurement.
Q4) The interval level of measurement is based on some underlying continuum.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sum of the absolute value of the deviations from the mean divided by the number of scores is equal to the _______.
A)mean
B)standard deviation
C)mean deviation
D)variance
Answer: C
Q2) A standard deviation equal to 0 indicates no variance in your data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following measures how different scores are from one particular score?
A)average
B)correlation
C)variability
D)standard deviation
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have a distribution of 100 scores, and you want 20 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
A)50
B)25
C)10
D)5
Q2) Which of the following is among the things to remember when creating figures?
A)use a lot of text
B)all graphs communicate several ideas
C)do not label anything
D)maintain the scale in the graph
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a table?
A)frequency distribution
B)frequency polygon
C)histogram
D)line chart
Q4) More is more; the more functions, features, and so forth you can include on a graph, the better.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlation between variable X and variable Y is represented by which of the following?
A)R(xy)2
B)r
C)rx(y)
D)Rx / y
Q2) What type of correlation exists if the less money you put in the bank, the less interest you will earn?
A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)indirect correlation
D)none of the above
Q3) Which of the following correlations would be interpreted a moderate relationship?
A).25
B).35
C).45
D).65
Q4) How does a positive slope differ from a negative slope?
Q5) What is the purpose of a scatterplot?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Political affiliation depends on political orientation.Which variable is political orientation?
A)dependent variable
B)independent variable
C)mediation variable
D)intervening variable
Q2) When should we measure internal consistency reliability?
Q3) The maximum level of validity possible is equal to ______.
A)the square of the reliability coefficient
B)the square root of the reliability coefficient
C)the cube of the reliability coefficient
D)the square root of the reliability coefficient, plus one
Q4) _______ explore(s) the question, "How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc.I use measures what it is supposed to?"
A)Reliability
B)Validity
C)Both reliability and validity
D)Neither reliability nor validity
Q5) When should you use construct validity?
Page 8
Q6) What are the traditional types of validity?
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) When writing a research hypothesis, what type of letters are used?
A)Arabic
B)Greek
C)Roman
D)Latin (English)
Q2) If you were to hypothesize that communication students will have a higher average score on the oral communication measures, you would have a ______.
A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Q3) If you hypothesize that there will be a difference between test scores from Classroom A and Classroom B, but you do not hypothesize the direction, you have _______.
A)a directional research hypothesis
B)a nondirectional research hypothesis
C)a null hypothesis
D)either a null or research hypothesis
Q4) What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?
Q5) What is the most important role of a hypothesis?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What you need to calculate first before calculating the kurtosis?
A)mean and standard deviation
B)median and standard deviation
C)mode and variance
D)median and variance
Q2) If you want to calculate a z score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?
A)shape of the distribution
B)mean, median, and mode
C)mean and standard deviation
D)standard deviation only
Q3) Why are there no pluses and minuses on the z score table?
Q4) The percentages or areas under the normal curve can be interpreted as probabilities.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What does a z score of 4 mean?
Q6) What are three characteristics of a normal curve?
Page 11
Q7) What percentage of scores fall between the following z scores: 1 to +1; 1 to +2; and 1 to +3?
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)set a high p value
D)increase your sample
Q2) There is always the possibility of error in statistics because the _______ is not directly tested.
A)population
B)sample
C)significance
D)probability
Q3) When making a judgment in statistics, there is always some possibility of error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The critical value is the value that results from the use of a statistical test.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why can you not be 100% sure that the difference between two groups is not due to chance?
Page 13
Q6) Define significance level.
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Page 14
Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) In interpreting effect size, what is the meaning of effect size at 0.4?
A)small effect size
B)medium effect size
C)large effect size
D)weak effect size
Q2) If you have a population standard deviation of 2 and a sample size of 9, what is your standard error of the mean?
A)0.76
B) 0.67
C)0.67
D) 0.76
Q3) If you have a sample size of 4 and a population standard deviation of 12, what is your standard error of the mean?
A) 3
B)11
C)6
D)5
Q4) Mr.Moo would like to find out if his daisies grow at a faster average rate than the average rate of daisy growth in his neighborhood.State this as a research hypothesis.
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Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) If there is significant difference between the distributions of scores in two groups with effect size at .37, how big are the differences between the two groups?
A)no
B)small
C)medium
D)large
Q2) If the number of participants in Group 1 = 54 and the number in Group 2 = 58, what is the associated degrees of freedom?
A)99
B)111
C)112
D)110
Q3) The t-test for independent means is used when each group is tested _______.
A)only once
B)only twice
C)once or twice
D)any number of times
Q4) What does t = .23 mean?
Page 16
Q5) What is the simplest way to compute an effect size?
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Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the following, what are the degrees of freedom: t = 2.001, p < .05?
A)29
B)30
C)31
D)32
Q2) Provide an example of a study that would be analyzed using a t-test for dependent samples.
Q3) The t-test for dependent means is used when you have _______.
A)two groups
B)one group
C)three groups
D)two or more groups
Q4) In order to be 99% confident you have not committed a Type I error, at what level should you set your p value?
A).01
B).05
C).10
D).15
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Q5) When doing a t-test for dependent samples, when would you accept the null hypothesis?
Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) How would you interpret the equation: H : µ = µ = µ ?
Q2) What is the first step in the computation of the F statistic?
A)setting the level of risk
B)selecting the appropriate test
C)computing the obtained value
D)stating the null and research hypotheses
Q3) What is the next step after choosing a specific test in the computation of the F statistic?
A)setting the level of risk
B)selecting the appropriate test
C)computing the obtained value
D)stating research hypotheses
Q4) When interpreting F , = 8.80, p < .05, what is the total sample size examined?
A)30
B)29
C)3
D)2
Q5) What is the MSb tw n value?
Q6) How is ANOVA similar to and different from a t-test?
Page 18
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you are interested in finding out if students' achievement level changes over time as result of a reading intervention, what type of ANOVA would you use?
A)repeated measures
B)between-groups design
C)mixed design
D)one-way ANOVA
Q2) A researcher wants to create an intervention to improve the well-being of graduate students in a counseling program, so she gives one group of students specific doses of rocky road ice cream, the second group of students specific doses of licorice, and the third group of students specific doses of chewy fruit-flavored candies for their treatments.As a second factor, she includes students in their first semester of their first year of graduate school as one cohort and students in the first semester of their second year of graduate school as the other cohort.The first factor in this intervention would be _______, the second factor would be _______, and the dependent variable would be
A)type of treatment; cohort; well-being
B)well-being; students; cohort
C)well-being; cohort; type of treatment
D)type of treatment; well-being; cohort
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name of the Greek letter ?
A)phi
B)rho
C)chi
D)alpha
Q2) If a simple Pearson correlation value = .512, what percentage of variance is accounted for?
A)26%
B)49%
C)51%
D)74%
Q3) While you can use the correlation coefficient as its own test statistic, what is the other appropriate test statistic often used to examine the significance of a correlation?
A)F-test
B)Cohen's d
C)t-test
D) ²
Q4) Write an example of a research hypothesis for a two-tailed t-test for the correlation coefficient.
Page 20
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using Linear
Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) When computing a predicted value, you first ______.
A)add the slope to the value of the independent variable
B)multiply the slope by the value of the independent variable
C)add the constant to the value of the independent variable
D)subtract the constant from the value of the independent variable
Q2) Simple linear regression consists of a type of regression in which more than one independent variable is included in the analysis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Linear regression uses correlations between variables as the basis for the prediction of the value of one variable based on the value of another.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is like a standard deviation for all error scores in regression?
A)error of the estimate
B)error standard deviation
C)standard error of the estimate
D)precision of error score
21
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do nonparametric statistics differ from parametric statistics?
Q2) In the result , what is ?
A)the observed value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the chi-square statistic
Q3) If there are five categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square, what are the degrees of freedom?
A)2
B)5
C)4
D)1
Q4) Chi-square is a nonparametric statistical test.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Write an equation for a null hypothesis and research hypothesis for a one-sample chi-square test involving three groups.
Q6) How do you interpret = 18.9, p < .05?
Q7) What is the difference between a one-sample and a two-sample chi-square test?
Q8) What does the one-sample chi-square test determine?
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Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) When is MANOVA most appropriate to use?
A)one dependent variable
B)two independent variables and one dependent variable
C)two or more dependent variables
D)more than three independent variables
Q2) Which of the following statistical techniques is used when the value of one variable is used to predict the value of another variable?
A)ANOVA
B)EFA
C)linear regression
D)multiple regression
Q3) Which of the following statistical techniques is used when values of more than one variable are used to predict the value of another variable?
A)ANOVA
B)EFA
C)MANOVA
D)multiple regression
Q4) Give an example of a research situation where repeated-measures ANOVA would be the most appropriate statistical technique.
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) A database from New York state contains more than _________ baby names.
A)52,000
B)520,000
C)5,200,000
D)5,200
Q2) Which program can easily read and convert a .csv file into a .sav file, according to Salkind?
A)Excel
B)Adobe
C)SPSS
D)Internet Explorer
Q3) Looking for patterns in a large data sets is also referred to as _______.
A)data mining
B)data uncovering
C)data cleaning
D)data questing
Q4) As a general rule, we need be as granular as possible in generating pivot tables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, which of the following is the most popular statistical software package?
A)STATISTICA
B)Minitab
C)JMP
D)SPSS
Q2) Minitab contains utilities that include ReportPad, which is a report generator.
A)True
B)False
Q3) PSPP is an open-source variant of SPSS.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the text, what is one of the most important things to remember when buying a statistics software package?
A)buy direct from the manufacturer
B)try before you buy
C)always buy shareware
D)share software packages with friends
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which online source offers lots of stats stuff?
A)Google
B)Yahoo
C)YouTube
D)Facebook
Q2) What is the resource locator that we often call the "web address?"
A)WA
B)URL
C)Locator
D)Address
Q3) What is KhanAcademy?
A)a non-profit educational organization
B)the data and story library
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
Q4) You can find data sets through any of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)Statistical Reference Datasets
B)Numbers and More
C)U.S.Census Bureau
D)The Data and Story Library
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Sample Questions
Q1) Practicing with _______ data can help you make sure that it is easy to go from your original scoring sheets to the data collection form.
A)high-scoring
B)any
C)pilot
D)lost
Q2) When you think about a research question, it is also important to think about the type of data you will have to collect to answer that question.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Try to follow up on subjects who missed their ______.
A)thoughts
B)their testing session
C)duplicate version
D)more complex version
Q4) Always make a duplicate copy of the data file.
A)True
B)False
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