Behavioral Science Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Behavioral Science explores the systematic study of human behavior, examining how individuals and groups think, feel, and act in various situations. This course introduces key theories and research methods from psychology, sociology, and related disciplines, focusing on the biological, cognitive, and social influences that shape behavior. Students will analyze patterns of decision-making, motivation, social interaction, and emotional responses, with an emphasis on applying scientific findings to real-world scenarios in health, business, public policy, and everyday life. Through lectures, discussions, and case studies, learners develop critical thinking and research skills necessary for understanding and addressing complex behavioral issues.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists who take the cognitive approach to personality would suggest that aggressive behavior is learned because it has been rewarded.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Consider the issue in psychology of free will versus determinism as discussed in your textbook. Which approach to personality represents an extreme position on this issue?
A) Psychoanalytic approach
B) Trait approach
C) Humanistic approach
D) Cognitive approach
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following questions would a personality psychologist ask?
A) Why are certain types of people prone to depression?
B) Why are some people introverted, whereas others are outgoing ?
C) Can we predict job satisfaction in employees?
D) All of the above
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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59 Flashcards
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Q1) Experimenters can be most confident in making statements about cause and effect when they conduct research using which of the following?
A) Correlation coefficients
B) Manipulated independent variables
C) Nonmanipulated independent variables
D) Case studies
Answer: B
Q2) Case studies have played a minor role in the history of personality psychology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A test is said to have good validity if there is good evidence that
A) all the test items are measuring the same thing.
B) it has been used previously by many different researchers.
C) test scores are relatively stable over time.
D) the test measures what it was designed to measure.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) Sexual thoughts and sexuality play an important part in Freud's theorizing about each of the following except one. Which one?
A) Stages of personality development
B) Dream symbols
C) Instincts
D) Hypnosis
Answer: D
Q2) A man has the opportunity to cheat his business partner, but he is so worried about getting caught that he does not. In Freudian theory, the man was probably prevented from cheating by his
A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience.
Answer: B
Q3) Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Freud identified which defense mechanism as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis?
A) Sublimation
B) Dreaming
C) Repression
D) Denial
Q2) Suppose you had to go all night without sleep in order to study for a final exam. If you suffer from _________, you will receive more REM sleep the next night.
A) recurrent dream phenomenon
B) the rebound effect
C) extreme relaxation associated with having the final exam finished
D) the paradox of sleep
Q3) Before the use of more sophisticated defense mechanisms, children most often use projection as a defense mechanism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In dream research, sleepers are sometimes awakened when physiological measures indicate they are probably dreaming.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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54 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wanda was the hardest working student in her school. Her constant efforts were rewarded at graduation when she received an award as the university's best math student. She confessed at that time that in elementary school she had failed math and was told by her teacher that she should pick an occupation that did not require her to work with numbers. What might Alfred Adler have said about Wanda?
A) Wanda is the exception to the rule, in that she should have instead displayed an inferiority complex.
B) She most likely is a first-born child.
C) Her striving for achievement resulted from her earlier feelings of inferiority.
D) She achieved because she never saw herself as inferior, regardless of what happened to her in elementary school.
Q2) Researchers turn life stories into data by which of the following methods?
A) Judging transcripts of interview recordings
B) Computing scores on an inventory
C) Judging pictures of significant life events
D) None of the above
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) Discuss how Freud's original frustration-aggression hypothesis influenced research by behavioral psychologists on the topic. Give evidence that frustration is one cause of aggression. Define displacement and catharsis and specify their roles in aggressive behavior.
Q2) Researchers who examined student's reactions to traumas like car accidents and health issue found that students
A) low in coping flexibility experienced less stress as a result of the traumas.
B) low in coping flexibility experienced no stress from the traumatic events.
C) high in copying flexibility experienced less stress as a result of the traumas.
D) high in copying flexibility experienced less avoidance of future traumas.
Q3) Researchers find that men are more likely to use ______ coping strategies than women and women are more likely to use ______ coping strategies than men.
A) emotion-focused; problem-focused
B) active; avoidant
C) avoidant; active
D) problem-focused; emotion-focused
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to how well people perform in the workplace, many researchers now address the questions of job performance and personality
A) by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model.
B) by categorizing workers by personality types.
C) by using the several psychogenic needs developed by Murray.
D) by responses to work interests on self-report inventories.
Q2) Research has shown that among the Big Five personality factors, the best predictor of job performance is conscientiousness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Julie sets high goals for herself at work. She is more committed to reaching these goals than most employees. She is organized, works hard, and remains persistent in the face of obstacles to reaching her work goals. Julie would probably score high on a measure of A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which of the following did early researchers examining need for Achievement have in common with many psychoanalytic therapists?
A) Both based their work on Freud's theory of personality.
B) Both used free association.
C) Both used projective tests.
D) Both were concerned with repression.
Q2) Some researchers believe that evaluation apprehension is the underlying cause of social anxiety. This means people high in social anxiety
A) are afraid of being graded or tested.
B) do not like to meet new people.
C) are afraid to speak in front of a large audience.
D) are afraid of what other people will think of them.
Q3) Marisol is highly motivated to do well in her math class. Satisfaction for her comes from the feeling of proficiency she has when she understands difficult material. Researchers would say that Marisol is motivated by
A) a high need for Achievement.
B) a need for recognition.
C) mastery goals.
D) performance goals.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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65 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research suggests that inhibited children are especially anxious about A) people.
B) loud noise.
C) novelty.
D) strangers.
Q2) According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms A) evolved because they were needed for survival.
B) helped the species survive and reproduce.
C) are identical in all people.
D) were once useful, but no longer are.
Q3) Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research suggests that when she was only a few years old, Donna was probably anxious about A) meeting people.
B) being separated from her mother.
C) loud noises.
D) novel situations.
Q4) Describe how two children, one inhibited and the other uninhibited, would respond to their first day of kindergarten. Specify a likely example of anxiety to novelty. In your example discuss Thomas and Chess's nine temperament dimensions.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) For both technological reasons and ethical reasons, it is not possible to manipulate people's genes and observe the kind of adult they become.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher using the twin-study method finds an average correlation of .50 between monozygotic twins' scores on a measure of self?esteem. The researcher finds an average correlation of .30 between dizygotic twins' scores on this measure. The difference between the size of the correlations is statistically significant. What conclusion might the researcher draw from these results?
A) Genetics has more of an influence on self-esteem than environment has.
B) There is evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
C) There is no evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
D) The results are opposite of what would be expected if there were a genetic influence on self-esteem.
Q3) Research finds that, compared to introverts, extraverts tend to A) be happier, but only on weekends.
B) be less happy.
C) have higher levels of subjective well-being and happiness.
D) be just about as happy, but they enjoy different things.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Rogers, what is the most common defense process?
A) Subception
B) Distortion
C) Denial
D) Repression
Q2) Describe your understanding of the therapeutic situation in person-centered therapy. What is the therapist's job, and what are the key elements and techniques Rogers used? Give one way this approach to psychotherapy is successful.
Q3) The "third force" in psychology was developed in part to promote a view of humankind different from the ones presented by the
A) psychoanalytic and trait approaches.
B) psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches.
C) trait and behaviorism approaches.
D) psychoanalytic and social learning approaches.
Q4) Discuss the basic tenets of Carl Rogers's humanistic approach to personality. Discuss where anxiety comes from according to Rogers, including the defenses that he suggested we use against anxiety. Describe Rogers's characterization of the fully functioning person.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is not correct about people who score high on measures of loneliness?
A) Because they lack social skills, they have difficulty developing relationships.
B) Because they have difficulty developing relationships, they have difficulty developing their social skills.
C) They have the social skills, but lack the opportunity to express them.
D) Therapists often help lonely people develop their social skills.
Q2) According to Jourard, our ____________ increases when we disclose personal information to friends and loved ones.
A) anxiety
B) well-being
C) disclosure reciprocity
D) all of the above
Q3) Define preference for solitude and describe people at either end of this individual difference dimension. Give the humanistic approach's explanation for why some people desire solitude.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the Q-sort procedure, a therapist arranges a situation so that a successful experience for the client is virtually guaranteed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A woman experiences high levels of nervousness right before she is to speak in front of a large audience. She decides she can't go through with the speech. She later tells her husband she could not speak because she was anxious. If her husband were B. F. Skinner, how might he respond?
A) "Your feelings of anxiety indeed caused you to not speak because they acted like a punishment."
B) "The anxiety is unrelated to the change in your behavior."
C) "The change in your behavior and your feelings of anxiety probably have the same aversive contingencies as a common cause."
D) "Anxious feelings do not exist because we cannot observe them."
Q3) When the consequence of a behavior increases the behavior's frequency, the consequence is referred to as a response.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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62 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Operant conditioning affects gender-role behavior
A) as early as the first few years of life.
B) starting at about age five.
C) primarily after children reach puberty.
D) primarily during the late teens.
Q2) Internals seem to do better in school because they see themselves as
A) smarter.
B) better test-takers.
C) responsible.
D) lucky.
Q3) According to recent research, being married to someone who has feminine characteristics is indicative of an unhappy marriage.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the circumstances under which people are more likely to imitate aggressive acts. Can it be said with some certainty that viewing aggression increases the likelihood of acting aggressively? For each research finding in support of this assertion state one alternative explanation for the evidence.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In effect, the Rep Test was designed to measure
A) personal constructs.
B) possible selves.
C) self-schemas.
D) the use of irrational beliefs.
Q2) Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of cognitive-affect units except one. Which one?
A) Encodings
B) Categories
C) Reinforcement values
D) Personal constructs
Q3) According to Kelly, psychological problems are caused by A) past traumatic experiences.
B) unloving parents.
C) inadequate construct systems.
D) using irrational logic to explain events.
Q4) Kelly suggested that the better we understand another person's construct system, the better we will get along.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that, compared to men, women
A) are more dependent on other people.
B) have a larger network of friends.
C) are more mature socially.
D) are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal.
Q2) Among the personal factors cognitive psychologists consider when predicting aggressive behavior, which of the following is typically included?
A) The provocative situation
B) Genetic predisposition to aggression
C) The ego defense mechanisms the person uses
D) Visual cues in the environment.
Q3) Aggressive scripts that have been practiced are the most likely to be ignored first.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) The ____ was developed to measure individual differences proposed by ___ _ .
A) Rorschach inkblot test; Adler
B) Rep Test; Kelly
C) California Q-Sort; Kelly
D) MMPI; Allport
Q2) The concept of a "self" was described __ _ and later examined in research on __ .
A) by Freud; hypnosis
B) by Horney; coping strategies
C) by Murray; need for Achievement
D) by Allport; self-schemas
Q3) The personality theory developed by ___ later led to empirical research on ___ .
A) Eysenck; Type A
B) Kelly; attributions
C) Murray; need for Achievement
D) Adler; hypnosis
Q4) List specific ways in which social learning theory provides a bridge between traditional behaviorism and the more recent cognitive approaches to personality.
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