Behavioral Research Methods
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Research Methods introduces students to the fundamental principles and practices used to investigate human behavior scientifically. The course covers research design, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, as well as data collection techniques such as surveys, interviews, and behavioral measurement. Emphasis is placed on developing hypotheses, operationalizing variables, ensuring ethical standards, and analyzing data using statistical tools. Through lectures and hands-on projects, students gain practical experience in designing studies, interpreting results, and critically evaluating behavioral research in academic and real-world settings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1400 Verified Questions
1400 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The procedure of converting a categorical variable to numeric values is called:
A) deteriorating.
B) piloting.
C) coding.
D) constructing.
Answer: C
Q2) Recording the number of dreams recalled is an example of ______ data,whereas recording the time (in minutes)spent in a dream stage of sleep is an example of ______ data.
A) qualitative; quantitative
B) continuous; discrete
C) quantitative; qualitative
D) discrete; continuous
Answer: D
Q3) Researchers often measure sample statistics to estimate or learn more about parameters in populations from which the sample statistics were measured.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When cumulating frequencies from the bottom up,the data are discussed in terms of A) at most.
B) less than.
C) at or below.
D) all of these.
Answer: D
Q2) To construct a pie chart,first distribute the data as
A) cumulative percentages.
B) relative percentages.
C) cumulative frequencies.
D) cumulative relative percentages.
Answer: B
Q3) A relative frequency is typically used with smaller,but not larger,data sets.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the following data for the number of dreams recalled during a night of sleep for 10 college students: 3,2,4,4,3,1,1,0,2,and 0.Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
A) Yes.
B) No; the median is larger than the mean.
C) No; the mean is larger than the median.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Answer: A
Q2) Three measures of central tendency are the mean,median,and range.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The formulas for a population and sample mean only differ by notation; otherwise,these formulas are calculated in the same manner.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sample standard deviation is equal to 6 when SS = 360 and n = 11.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The variance and standard deviation can never be
A) zero.
B) negative.
C) smaller than the mean.
D) larger than the mean.
Q3) One reason the denominator for sample variance is (n - 1)is because this makes it an unbiased estimator of the population variance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following values is NOT needed to compute sample variance using the computational formula,but is needed to compute the definitional formula?
A) sample mean
B) scores (x)
C) sample size
D) degrees of freedom
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two outcomes are mutually exclusive when the probability of one outcome is equal to the probability of the second outcome.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Suppose you open a new game at the county fair.When patrons win,you pay them $3.00; when patrons lose,they pay you $1.00.If the probability of a patron winning is p = .20,then how much can you expect to win (or lose)in the long run? Hint: You need to compute the expected value of the mean.
A) win 0.20 cents per play
B) win 0.60 cents per play
C) lose 0.80 cents per play
D) lose 2.20 dollars per play
Q3) The expected value of a random variable is the mean of a probability distribution. A)True B)False
Q4) The expected value of a random variable can be thought of as a "long-term" mean. A)True B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) A professor finds that the students scored a 76 ± 8 (M ± SD)on the final exam.On this exam,a score of 90 is an A. Assuming these data are normally distributed, what is the z score for 90 (the cutoff for an A)?
A) 1.75
B) 1.50
C) 1.25
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) The ______ are the range of continuous values containing the score of interest in a binomial distribution.
A) observed limits
B) approximate limits
C) real limits
D) speed limits
Q3) What is the z score for scores in the bottom 10%?
A) 1.28
B) 2.32
C) -2.32
D) -1.28
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8
Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that a researcher selects a sample of participants from a population.If the shape of the distribution in this population is negatively skewed,then what is the shape of the sampling distribution of sample variances?
A) approximately positively skewed
B) approximately negatively skewed
C) approximately normally distributed
D) there is not enough information to answer this question because the population mean and variance are not given
Q2) A researcher selects a sample of 16 participants from a population with a variance of 4.What is the standard error of the mean?
A) less than 1
B) equal to 1
C) greater than 1
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) The central limit theorem states that the sample mean will equal the population mean on average.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) The null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses are statements about parameters in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher believes that increasing attention given to children will improve mean academic performance.Therefore,the alternative hypothesis should be:
A) mean academic performance will increase.
B) mean academic performance will decrease.
C) mean academic performance will not change.
D) mean attention will increase.
Q3) ______ allows researchers to describe (1)how far mean scores have shifted in the population or (2)the percentage of variance that can be explained by a given variable.
A) Significance
B) Probability
C) Power
D) Effect size
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two researchers (A and B)compute a two-independent-sample t test.For both tests,the mean difference between the two groups is 10,but the standard error is smaller for Researcher A.Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject the null hypothesis?
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
C) The likelihood is the same for both researchers.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) Which of the following is an assumption for computing any type of independent-sample t test?
A) Data in the population being sampled are normally distributed.
B) Data were obtained from a sample that was selected using a random sampling procedure.
C) The probabilities of each measured outcome in a study are independent.
D) All of these.
Q3) Is a one-sample t test reported differently for one-tailed and two-tailed tests?
A) No, the same values are reported.
B) It depends on whether the results were significant.
C) Yes, only significant results for a two-tailed test are reported.
Page 11
D) It can be reported differently when the effect size is large.
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) All other things being equal,as the degrees of freedom increase,what happens to the critical value for a related-samples t test (or for any t test,for that matter)?
A) The critical value increases.
B) The critical value decreases.
C) The critical value does not change.
D) It depends on the value of the test statistic.
Q2) A researcher selects a sample of 24 college students and has them rate their liking for two advertisements aimed at improving the image of the college.The researcher finds that liking ratings significantly differed,t = 2.900.Use \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> to compute the proportion of variance for this result.
A) \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> = .30
B) \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> = .24
C) \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> = .21
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) The related-samples design can ______.
A) eliminate within-groups error
B) have no effect on power
C) increase standard error
D) be more practical
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher reports with 90% confidence that 31% to 37% of Americans believe in ghosts.What is the point estimate for this interval?
A) 31%
B) 34%
C) 37%
D) 31% to 37%
Q2) The estimation formula for the related samples t is M<sub>D</sub> ± t(s<sub>M1 </sub><sub>-</sub><sub> M2</sub>).
A)True
B)False
Q3) The confidence interval for one sample selected from a population with a known variance is computed using a critical value for which type of test?
A) z test
B) t test
C) none
D) both A and B
Q4) The estimation formula for the one-sample t is M ± t(s<sub>M</sub>).
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The numerator of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the mean variability associated with error.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a measure of proportion of variance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup>
B) \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>
C) estimated Cohen's d
D) \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> and \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>
Q3) A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares between groups is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is the same in both studies.Using \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup>,in which study will the effect size be larger?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a source of variation that is measured using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
A) between-groups variation
B) within-groups variation
C) between-persons variation
D) all of these
Q2) We make two hypothesis tests using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA: one for the between-groups effect and one for the within-groups effect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Partial estimates of effect size make the denominator ______ because the between-persons variability is removed.
A) larger
B) smaller
C) reciprocal
D) equal to 0
Q4) The Bonferroni test controls for experimentwise alpha.
A)True
B)False
15
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher conducts two studies using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares for Factor A is the same in both studies.In which study will the effect size be larger for Factor A using \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q2) Not including the total variation,how many sources of variation are measured in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Q3) The denominator of the formula for \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> is SS<sub>T</sub> for both main effects and the interaction.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A correlation coefficient can ______ demonstrate cause.
A) always
B) never
C) mostly
D) intermittently
Q2) A researcher measures the correlation in rankings for a sample of restaurants and consumers' rankings of their favorite restaurants.If = 96 and n = 12,then what is the value of the correlation coefficient?
A) .07
B) .34
C) .66
D) .94
Q3) The phi correlation coefficient is used to measure the correlation between two ordinal variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The coefficient of determination is the square root of the correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) If F = 2.04 for the relative contribution of one factor,then what is this value when converted to a t statistic?
A) 2.04
B) 1.43
C) 4.16
D) the conversion is not possible
Q2) The equation for the standardized regression equation is ______.
A) b<sub>1</sub>X<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> + a
B)\( r^{2}=\frac{b_{1} S P_{X_{1} Y}+b_{2} S P_{X_{2} Y}}{S S_{Y}} \)
C)\( a=M_{Y}-b_{1} M_{X_{1}}-b_{1} M_{X_{2}} \)
D)\( \widehat{Z_{Y}}=\beta_{1}\left(z_{X_{1}}\right)+\beta_{2}\left(z_{X_{2}}\right) \)
Q3) The larger the standard error of estimate,the more accurately known values of X will predict values of Y.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To standardize the coefficients,we first convert the original data to standardized z scores.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher selects a sample of 80 people and records the frequency of participants choosing a low,moderate,or high calorie dessert in a buffet.What are the degrees of freedom for this chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 79
D) 80
Q2) Which of the following measures of effect size can be reported with a 3 * 4 chi-square test for independence?
A) proportion of variance
B) the phi coefficient
C) Cramer's V
D) all of these
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?
A) analysis of variance
B) the t tests
C) chi-square test
D) Pearson correlation
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19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best explains how to find the test statistic for the one-sample sign test?
A) Scores above the median are assigned a plus sign (+); scores below the median are assigned a negative sign (-); the test statistic is the number of pluses or minuses, whichever occurs most often.
B) Scores are correlated as either positive (+) or negative (-); the test statistic is the extent to which scores are positively or negatively correlated.
C) Scores are coded as being consistent (+) or inconsistent (-) with the null hypothesis; the test statistic is the number of pluses or minuses, whichever occurs most often.
D) The variability of scores is compared with the variance stated by the null hypothesis; larger variability is considered a sign that the data are significant.
Q2) For a Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test,we decide to reject the null hypothesis when T is larger than the critical value.
A)True
B)False
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