Behavioral Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Behavioral Psychology is the scientific study of observable behaviors and the processes by which such behaviors are acquired, modified, and maintained. This course explores key concepts including classical and operant conditioning, social learning, and reinforcement, emphasizing empirical research and real-world applications. Students will examine influential theories from psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and John Watson, and analyze how behavioral principles are applied to fields like education, therapy, business, and health. The course combines foundational knowledge with practical techniques for behavior modification and critical analysis of human and animal behavior.
Recommended Textbook
The Principles of Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Michael Domjan
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The British empiricists believed that complex ideas are A)sense experiences.
B)present at birth.
C)the product of simple sensations combined by association.
D)simple reflex responses.
Answer: C
Q2) The return of a neuron's interior to a relative negative voltage immediately following the peak of the action potential is due to primarily to movement of A)Na +.
B)Ca ++.
C)K +.
D)Cl -.
Answer: C
Q3) Describe several alternatives to the use of animals in research and describe their advantages and disadvantages.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) How might learning be studied at each of the major levels of analysis: behavioral, neural system, and molecular/cellular?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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Q1) According to Groves and Thompson (1970), which of the following is true?
A)Habituation and sensitization processes occur in different parts of the nervous system.
B)Habituation is similar to fatigue; sensitization is similar to adaptation.
C)Habituation is similar to adaptation; sensitization is similar to fatigue.
D)Both habituation and sensitization occur at the level of the sensory receptors.
Answer: A
Q2) Elicited behaviors are interesting to researchers studying learning because of which following result?
A)They are invariant and make good controls.
B)They are present in most animals except humans and provide clues to the evolution of behavior.
C)They do not occur the same way each time the eliciting stimulus is presented.
D)They allow for voluntary behavior in non-human animals.
Answer: C
Q3) Explain the role of the S-R and state systems in elicited behaviors.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Describe sign stimuli involved in the control of human behavior.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) One group of rats receives a standard CS-US pairing on each trial.A second group of rats receives CS and US presentations at varying times and intervals such that the total number of CS and US exposures is equal to that of the first group.The second group is which of the following?
A)a random control group
B)a sensitization group
C)a pseudo-conditioning group
D)an explicitly unpaired control group
Answer: A
Q2) A rat is exposed to a three-second red-light stimulus.A short while later, a food pellet is delivered to the rat.This is an example of
A)short-delayed conditioning.
B)trace conditioning.
C)backward conditioning.
D)long-delayed conditioning.
Answer: B
Q3) What is pseudo-conditioning? Describe two control procedures that help to differentiate true conditioning from pseudo-conditioning.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your friend is afraid of dogs because he was bitten as a child.One day while he was playing catch in a park, a large pack of dogs wandered into his view.Now he avoids parks.His change in behavior is likely due to which of the following?
A)habituated associations
B)CS intensity
C)higher-order conditioning
D)US intensity
Q2) A major difference between attentional models and the Rescorla-Wagner model is described by which of the following choices?
A)In attentional models, US surprisingness has only a proactive influence on conditioning.
B)In the Rescorla-Wagner model, US surprisingness has only a proactive influence on conditioning.
C)Attentional models are US-reduction theories.
D)The Rescorla-Wagner model cannot predict blocking on the first trial of Phase 2 of the blocking experiment.
Q3) How do current approaches to stimulus substitution differ from Pavlov's approach?
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning
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Q1) Activating the ventral medial prefrontal cortex
A)substitutes for behavioral control in learned helplessness paradigms.
B)interferes with behavioral control in learned helplessness paradigms.
C)provides evidence supporting the learned helplessness hypothesis.
D)none of the above
Q2) What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?
Q3) In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that
A)reinforcement increases stereotypy.
B)behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement.
C)reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation.
D)reinforcement decreases originality.
Q4) Which of the following is an example of (positive) punishment?
A)Dora is sent to her room without dessert because of her poor manners.
B)Steve has his mouth washed out with soap for swearing.
C)Bobby is not allowed to buy cigarettes because he is too young.
D)All of the above
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Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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Q1) With regard to instrumental conditioning, the amygdala appears to A)provide an index of reward magnitude.
B)integrate positive and negative outcomes.
C)send a go or no-go signal to execute a response.
D)none of the above
Q2) A concurrent schedule is typically used to examine choice behavior in A)a T-maze.
B)an eight arm radial maze.
C)a Skinner box with one manipulandum.
D)a Skinner box with two manipulanda.
Q3) After a wheel running accident, your pet rat no longer seems to be able to process reward magnitude and valence. You suspect trauma in the A)striatum
B)basal ganglia
C)amygdala
D)orbitofrontal cortex
Q4) Compare and contrast ratio and interval schedules in terms of how the contingencies of reinforcement are set up and the effects they have on the instrumental response.
Q5) Describe various theoretical explanations of the matching law.
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Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The distribution of responses that occurs in the absence of restrictions is called
A)the unrestricted baseline.
B)the Premack principle.
C)the Premack baseline.
D)the behavioral deprivation point.
Q2) According to reward-specific expectancies, lever press behavior rewarded with access to food will most increase if a CS is presented that had previously been paired with
A)water
B)sugar water
C)food
D)all of the above
Q3) The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be the elasticity of demand for gasoline.
A)the same as B)less than
C)greater than
D)This cannot be determined.
Q4) Describe what is an S-R association and what provides the best evidence for it.
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the configural-cue approach? How does it differ from other approaches to the study of stimulus control?
Q2) Suppose you want your goldfish to swim to the top of the tank only when you shine a red light, and no other color, into the water.Assuming the fish can see most colors, to condition the fish you should A)train it only with the red light.
B)use red, blue, and yellow lights, and only reward the fish for swimming to the surface when the red light is used.
C)use red, orange, and purple lights, and only reward the fish for swimming to the surface when the red light is used.
D)withhold training until the testing phase.
Q3) A tone signals that a red light will be followed by food delivery.Without the tone, food does not follow the red light presentation.After some training, the tone is repeatedly presented alone.You expect that its ability to facilitate the CR will be A)reduced.
B)unchanged.
C)enhanced.
D)unpredictable.
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Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) To restore the level of performance seen during extinction,
A)test several days after the extinction trials.
B)present cues from the extinction trials.
C)present cues from the conditioning trials.
D)test in a different context.
Q2) A rat had been reinforced for lever press behaviors.After one day of extinction training, the rat was demonstrating very low levels of responding.When the rat was returned to the test cage the next day, there was a small recovery in the rate of responding.This increase is called
A)spontaneous recovery.
B)dishabituation.
C)disinhibition.
D)the extinction burst.
Q3) Which theory predicts that early in a VR20 schedule the anticipation of reward encourages an animal to respond, and the anticipation of nonreward discourages responding?
A)discrimination hypothesis
B)modern two-process theory
C)sequential theory
D)frustration theory
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Chapter 10: Averse Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.
Q2) Your new client has a fear of exams and to avoid them has been skipping class altogether.What can you do to eliminate this disruptive avoidance behavior?
Q3) Keith's father is pleased to note that Keith no longer spends his afternoons breaking windows.According to his father, this change in behavior is due to Keith's fear of punishment, but Keith says that he no longer breaks windows because he likes working on cars and no longer has time to find windows to break.Keith's attitude reflects the assumptions of
A)the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment.
B)the avoidance theory of punishment.
C)the predatory imminence hypothesis.
D)the negative law of effect.
Q4) Compare the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment to the avoidance theory of punishment.Provide evidence of support for each theory.
Q5) Compare avoidance and escape trials.Provide an example of each from common human experience.
Q6) Compare the safety-signal hypothesis to the two-process theory of avoidance.
Q7) Compare and contrast discriminated and free-operant avoidance procedures.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prospective coding refers to events
A)that must happen in the future.
B)that have occurred in the immediate past.
C)that have occurred in the distant past.
D)that are no longer stored in working memory.
Q2) Which of the following is true of the "internal representations" discussed in the study of animal cognition?
A)Like gravity, they are a theoretical construct.
B)They are investigated in some laboratories by "looking" into the central nervous system.
C)They are investigated in some laboratories by "looking" into the peripheral nervous system.
D)They reflect conscious reflection on a past experience.
Q3) Stimulus coding is primarily a task that occurs during A)retention.
B)retrieval.
C)extinction.
D)acquisition.
Q4) Compare proactive and retroactive interference.
Q5) Compare retrospective coding to prospective coding.When is each used?
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition Ii
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the components of language competence? What evidence of these components is found in nonhuman animals?
Q2) In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B.Responding to B results in C, and so forth.This type of task is called
A)paired associate learning.
B)a response chain.
C)serial pattern learning.
D)serial representation learning.
Q3) What does learning a perceptual concept involve?
Q4) Perceptual concepts involve
A)generalization within a category.
B)discrimination within a category.
C)generalization between categories.
D)All of the above
Q5) Describe similarities and differences in language learning among chimpanzees and human children.
Q6) Compare and contrast perceptual and abstract concept learning.
Q7) Describe how the behavior of food storing birds can be used to provide evidence of episodic memory.
14
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