Behavior Modification Final Exam
Course Introduction
Behavior Modification explores the principles and techniques used to understand, assess, and change human behavior through the application of learning theory, particularly operant and classical conditioning. Students will gain foundational knowledge of behavior analysis, including identifying target behaviors, collecting and interpreting data, designing intervention strategies, and evaluating their effectiveness in real-life settings. The course emphasizes ethical considerations, individualized intervention planning, and evidence-based practices for addressing behavioral challenges in various contexts such as education, mental health, and organizational settings.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Paul Chance
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13 Chapters
699 Verified Questions
699 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Learning to Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of
A) learning
B) disease
C) maturation
D) fatigue
Answer: A
Q2) In Darwin's day, the laws governing inheritance were not generally known.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Natural selection helps the species adapt to change, not the individual.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Study of Learning and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marjorie drives a school bus. Sometimes the kids get rather noisy. She decides to play music the kids like through speakers on the bus, but whenever the kids get too noisy she turns the music off. When they quiet down, she turns the music back on. In this way, she hopes to get the kids to make less noise. Marjorie is probably going to measure learning as a change in response _________.
A) topography
B) intensity
C) speed
D) rate
Answer: B
Q2) Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response
A) topography
B) intensity
C) speed
D) rate
Answer: A
Q3) A change in the form that behavior takes is called a change in ________.
Answer: topography
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Chapter 3: Pavlovian Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.
Answer: trial
Q2) Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.
A) psychic reflex
B) partition complex
C) operant response
D) digestive process
Answer: A
Q3) Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.
A) odor
B) color
C) sound
D) tactile stimulus
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Pavlovian Applications
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how you might have cured Little Albert's phobia.
Q2) The phenomenon of __________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.
A) overshadowing
B) blocking
C) latent inhibition
D) counterconditioning
Q3) Staats and Staats demonstrated that both positive and negative biases could be established through conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Shepard Siegel's work suggests that some deaths attributed to _____________ are actually the result of conditioning.
A) accident
B) drunk driving
C) drug overdose
D) heart attack
Q5) Blue jays acquire a taste aversion for _________.
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Chapter 5: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______.
A) primary
B)contrived
C) secondary
D) classical
Q2) Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.
A) Verbal Behavior
B) The Behavior of Organisms
C) Particulars of My Life
D) Animal Intelligence
Q3) E. L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand _______.
A) operant conditioning
B) the psychic reflex
C) animal intelligence
D) maze learning
Q4) The experimental chamber developed by Skinner is often called a _________.
Q5) Clark Hull's name is associated with the _______ theory of reinforcement.
Q6) Compare Premack's relative value theory with the response deprivation theory of Timberlake and Allison.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Reinforcement: Beyond Habit
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Sample Questions
Q1) Creative behavior is a function of its consequences.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Skinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________.
A) dance
B) bowl
C) jump rope
D) peck at a sign that said, "Peck."
Q3) Kohler thought that insight was achieved suddenly, but other work suggests that it is achieved gradually.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Normally, the first step in chaining is task _______ .
Q5) Karen Pryor demonstrated that she could reinforce novel behavior. Her subjects were ________.
Q6) Learned helplessness may be avoided through _______ training.
Q7) Shaping is the reinforcement of _______ of a desired behavior.
Q8) The solution to a problem is behavior that produces_______.
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Chapter 7: Schedules of Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) ___________ schedules differ from other schedules in that the rules describing the contingencies change systematically.
A) Adaptive
B) Evolutionary
C) Progressive
D) Idiosyncratic
Q2) Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man's behavior was most likley on a(n) _________.
A) FR schedule
B) VR schedule
C) FI schedule
D) VI schedule
Q3) <sub></sub>In one form of the matching law, B<sub>A </sub>stands for the behavior under consideration and B<sub>0</sub>represents _______.
A) reinforcement for B<sub>A</sub>
B) the baseline rate of B<sub>A</sub>
C) all behaviors other than B<sub>A</sub>
D) all behavior that is over expectation
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9
Chapter 8: Operant Procedures: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that _______.
A) the rate of lever pressing will decrease, then increase
B) the shock will reduce the frequency of lever pressing
C) shock is contingent on lever pressing
D) lever pressing and shock are contiguous
Q3) Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective than occasional use of intense punishers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.
A) escape
B) penalty
C) withdrawal
D) subtraction
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Chapter 9: Operant Applications
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Sample Questions
Q1) Time out is a form of punishment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called ________.
A) capsules
B) frames
C) segments
D) units
Q4) Delusions are often thought of as the products of a disordered "inner world," but operant learning research suggests that they are the products of a disordered
Q5) Which is the better way of reducing the frequency of misbehavior in students, time out or differential reinforcement?
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Chapter 10: Observational Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are two kinds of social observational learning experiences, vicarious _______ and vicarious _______.
Q2) Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is ________.
A) covert modeling
B) symbolic observation
C) retentional processes
D) simulation training
Q3) In _______, an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.
Q4) Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.
Completion
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why has observational learning received less attention than other forms of learning?
Q6) Efforts to influence people through modeling via mass media are called _______.
Q7) Models who are not proficient at the skill they demonstrate are called unskilled or _______ models.
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Chapter 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus
Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination training
Q2) Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called
A) learned helplessness
B) motivational transfer
C) learned industriousness
D) increased potentiation
Q4) The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination training.
A) Pavlov
B) Spence
C) Lashley and Wade
D) Herrnstein
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Q5) How could a speech teacher encourage oratorical skills to generalize outside of the classroom?
Chapter 12: Forgetting
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "man who couldn't forget" was studied by__________.
A) Freud
B) Luria
C) Ebbinghaus
D) Underwood
Q2) The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Declarative memories include _______ and _______ memories.
Q4) If we forget much of what we learn in school, what is the point of learning those things?
Q5) Harry Bahrick's studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to _______.
A) five weeks
B)five months
C) five years
D) five decades
Q6) When performance varies with an organism's physiological condition, it is said to be
Q7) Describe Krueger's study of overlearning and its findings.
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Chapter 13: The Limits of Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______was one of the first to study imprinting.
Q2) An animal that can learn to perform one trick is sure to learn another trick of similar complexity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Skinner's efforts to teach pigeons to play ping pong demonstrate that the inability to learn a skill may sometimes be overcome by_________.
A) making allowances for physical limitations
B) breaking the task into small parts
C) lots of patient training
D) surgical procedures
Q4) In their study of conditioning, Garcia and Koelling paired water with radiation. They found that the rats later avoided _________.
A) water with a distinct odor
B) water with a distinct taste
C) water that was bright and noisy
D) any kind of water
Q5) Does learning inevitably mean progresshy or why not?
Q6) How might preparedness to learn be nonadaptive?
Page 15
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