Basic Psychology Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Basic Psychology introduces students to the fundamental principles and concepts governing human behavior and mental processes. The course covers key topics such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, and personality, as well as an introduction to psychological research methods. Emphasis is placed on understanding how psychological theories apply to everyday life and the development of critical thinking skills to analyze human conduct. This foundation prepares students for further study in psychology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 9th Edition by James W. Kalat
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33 Chapters
4502 Verified Questions
4502 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main interest of social psychologists is
A) how behavior develops as a function of age.
B) how behavior is influenced by other people.
C) the role of learning and memory in behavior.
D) how human behavior has changed over the course of history.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following would be the best example of the ergonomic principle of compatibility?
A) Two people are more likely to fall in love if they share many common interests.
B) A drug that produces a mild effect, produces a stronger effect when combined with a second drug.
C) A knob that is turned clockwise moves a machine to the right; the machine moves to the left when the knob is turned counterclockwise.
D) People who are good at learning one task will probably be good at learning another one also.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 1: A --What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ are specialists in the psychological condition of students, usually in kindergarten through the 12th grade.
Answer: School psychologists
Q2) Contemporary psychologists are no longer interested in cognitive processes. A)True B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A type of psychologist known as a ____________________, attempts to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it efficiently and safely.
Answer: human factors specialist
Q4) Wundt's set the precedent for studying psychological questions with ____________________.
Answer: scientific data
Q5) The psychological study of people at work is known as ____________________. Answer: industrial/organizational I/O psychology.
Q6) An increased need for sodium salts in the body can be caused by damage to the
Answer: adrenal gland
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Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experimenter had participants exercise much, a little, or not at all and then measured how much they ate at dinner two hours later. What was the dependent variable in this experiment?
A) the delay between exercise and dinner
B) the amount of exercise
C) the type of food offered
D) the amount of food eaten
Answer: D
Q2) It is found that children who have many friends are generally happier than children who have fewer friends. What kind of research design was probably used in this study?
A) correlation
B) anecdote
C) case history
D) experiment
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: A--Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experimenter bias is the tendency of an experimenter (unintentionally, in most cases) to distort or misperceive the results of an experiment based on the expected outcome.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A ____________________ study is a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables without controlling either of them.
Q3) The goal of scientific research is to establish comprehensive explanations of observable events. These explanations are called ____________________.
Q4) A ____________________ theory is one that makes clear, easily tested predictions.
Q5) Properly conducted experiments allow researchers to draw conclusions about cause and effect.
A)True B)False
Q6) Demand characteristics can be reduced by using a double-blind procedure. A)True B)False
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "binding problem" is the question of
A) how a person coordinates the left arm with the right arm.
B) how children learn to produce grammatical, meaningful sentences.
C) how it is possible for people with different personalities to work together.
D) how activity in separate brain areas produces a single experience.
Q2) Which of the following drugs acts mainly as a relaxant?
A) alcohol
B) amphetamine
C) cocaine
D) mescaline
Q3) Which of the following drugs is sometimes recommended by physicians as a method of relieving glaucoma and reducing nausea?
A) amphetamine
B) marijuana
C) nicotine
D) morphine
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Chapter 3: A--Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Narcotics are drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ____________________ is caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
Q3) In a typical neuron, during the resting potential the inside of the axon has an electrical charge of around ____________________.
Q4) If a researcher wants to measure the electrical activity of the brain on a millisecond-by-millisecond basis, the best available technique would be
or
Q5) Action potentials are sent according to the all-or-none law.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The ____________________ is the set of fibers that connect the left hemisphere of the brain to the right hemisphere.
Q7) Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in packets within the cell called
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) A neuron in the visual cortex becomes excited whenever light of a particular shape (such as a line) falls on a particular part of the retina. That neuron is said to be a
A) visual constancy.
B) feature detector.
C) ganglion cell.
D) basilar membrane
Q2) The blind spot of the retina is the point where
A) the lens fails to focus an image.
B) the optic nerve leaves the retina.
C) the rod area overlaps the cone area.
D) the pupil casts a shadow onto the retina.
Q3) For people to be able to focus both on nearby objects and on objects far away, they can see best if the shape of their eyeballs is
A) flattened.
B) elongated.
C) spherical.
D) lopsided.
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Chapter 4: A--Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The condition in which a stimulus of one type, such as sound, also elicits another experience, such as color is called ____________________.
Q2) Researchers have now established that there are seven primary qualities of odor, and there are seven corresponding types of olfactory receptors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The auditory system responds differently to sounds that are low-frequency compared to sounds that are high-frequency.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Our brains use information from both the ____________________ and the ____________________ in order to help us maintain balance. or
Q5) In signal detection terms, reporting that a stimulus is present, when in fact the stimulus was not present, is known as a "false alarm."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Nature, Nurture, and Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on parenting style and children's behavior
A) proves that parenting style causes children's behavior.
B) proves that children's behavior causes parents to adopt a particular style.
C) is correlational, so does not allow us to draw cause-effect conclusions.
D) has produced results that are too inconsistent to allow for conclusions.
Q2) According to Terror Management Theory, even a casual reference to death tends to A) increase our aggression.
B) make people unable to manage exaggerated fears such as phobias.
C) increase people's defenses of their beliefs.
D) lessen our ability to face terror.
Q3) Many studies have reported differences in personality or achievement between first-born and later born children. However, most of those studies can be faulted for confusing birth order effects with the effects of
A) recent vs. earlier cohorts.
B) large vs. small family size.
C) longitudinal vs. cross-sectional studies.
D) male vs. female.
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Chapter 5: A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have found that exercise programs designed to increase older people's physical activity levels also lead to improvements in their memory and cognition.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A ____________________ is a group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time.
Q3) To understand the effects of genes on physical characteristics and behavior, one has to understand the difference between dominant and recessive genes. Define the terms "dominant" and "recessive" in terms of genes. Based on your understanding of genetics, state what color eyes you would have if you had one gene for brown eyes and one gene for blue eyes and explain why?
Q4) A research design that combines the advantages of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs is known as ____________________.
Q5) Except for your red blood cells, all of your cells contain a nucleus, which includes strands of hereditary material called chromosomes.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is chaining in operant conditioning?
A) reinforcement for successive approximations to a behavior
B) the weakening of a response by the omission of a favorable stimulus that would otherwise be presented
C) the concept that certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and that certain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes
D) training a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one behavior is the opportunity to perform the next behavior
Q2) Skinner conducted a famous study in which he punished bar pressing in rats attempting to obtain food by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it. Based on the results of this study, Skinner concluded that
A) punishment is more effective than reinforcement in changing behavior.
B) although punishment is ineffective in the short-term, over a longer period of time, punishment is highly effective.
C) punishment temporarily suppresses behavior, but it is ineffective in the long run.
D) punishment is most effective if it inflicts a high degree of pain.
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Chapter 6: A--Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists distinguish between ____________________ , which are reinforcing because of their own properties, and ____________________, which became reinforcing because of previous experiences.
Q2) Pavlov paired the sound from a metronome with the presentation of food and measured the dog's salivation response. Salivation in response to the food is known as the unconditioned response.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against the views of the____________________.
Q4) In classical conditioning, responding increases in both ____________________ and ____________________.
Q5) Correlational studies have found that children who are spanked tend to be more aggressive and more prone to antisocial behavior later in life compared to other children.
A)True B)False
Q6) An event that decreases the probability of a response is known as ____________________.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "central executive" aspect of working memory is responsible for A) storing visual memories.
B) controlling muscle movements.
C) shifting attention.
D) rehearsing sounds.
Q2) The patient H. M. experienced significant memory problems. H. M. symptoms suggested
A) he suffered damage to the occipital lobe.
B) that the memory loss was likely there prior to his operation, but the operation made it more noticeable.
C) he was suffering from retrograde amnesia.
D) he was suffering from anterograde amnesia.
Q3) One difference between long-term memory and short-term memory is that A) we forget long-term memories because of decay and short-term memories because of interference.
B) long-term memory can hold a vast amount of information and short-term memory can hold only about seven items
C) short-term memory holds language items and long-term memory holds skills.
D) short-term memory holds skills and long-term memory holds language items.
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Page 15
Chapter 7: A--Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Free recall, cued recall, recognition, and savings are all tests of explicit memory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Because the concept of "short-term memory" seems to some to be incomplete and misleading, current researchers often substitute the term ____________________ memory.
Q3) Remembering how to play the piano is an example of ____________________ memory.
Q4) If you want to remember a set of information for a long time, under a variety of conditions, the best advice is to study the information repeatedly at your usual work station (e.g., your desk).
A)True
B)False
Q5) A mnemonic device is any memory aid that relies on encoding each item in a special way.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Procedural memory is considered to be a type of implicit memory.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Probably the best explanation for the classic Stroop effect would be that
A) reading always takes priority over color recognition.
B) children typically outperform adults because of fewer established synaptic connections.
C) one response dominates, perhaps automatically, and it will interfere with the less dominant response.
D) people are unable to perform two tasks simultaneously.
Q2) The common mistakes children make as they try to learn language indicate that the children
A) are trying to memorize the sentences they hear, word for word.
B) cannot distinguish many important sounds from one another.
C) are learning grammatical rules and over-applying them.
D) can say more words than they understand.
Q3) Each unit of meaning in a word is called a
A) basic unit.
B) syntax.
C) phoneme.
D) morpheme.
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Chapter 8: A--Cognition and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists use the term __________ to refer to your tendency to respond to or to remember some stimuli more than others at any given time.
Q2) A penguin is a prototype for the category "bird."
A)True
B)False
Q3) A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called an __________.
Q4) Often the issues that you have to resolve quickly on a daily basis are complicated and you don't have time to go through every possible solution. You want a "good enough" answer or one that works most of the time. Define the concept of heuristics. In addition, define availability heuristic and representative heuristic and give an example of each type of heuristic.
Q5) People who look at real words find it difficult to say the color of ink of each word, instead of reading the words themselves. This result is known as the __________.
Q6) In general, it is easier to learn a second language at a younger age than at an older age.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a test has low predictive validity, then
A) someone who scores high one time will probably get a below-average score the next time.
B) someone who scores high one time will probably get just an average score the next time.
C) the test does not measure what it is supposed to measure.
D) the questions have not yet been standardized on a large population.
Q2) The WISC-IV is a test of __________ developed for __________.
A) intelligence; developmentally disabled adults
B) personality; children
C) intelligence; children
D) interests; developmentally disabled adults
Q3) Identical twins typically are __________ similar in intelligence than fraternal twins; fraternal twins typically are __________ similar in intelligence than single birth siblings.
A) no more...more
B) no more...no more
C) more...no more
D) more...more
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Page 19
Chapter 9: A--Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) A question on a math test contains a diagram of an American football field. If this question is among the easiest for men to answer and among the hardest for women to answer, we can conclude that this test question is biased.
A)True
B)False
Q2) I administer an intelligence test and find that left-handed people score higher than right-handed people. Researchers should conclude that this test is biased against right-handed people.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Someone who has learned a great deal of specific information and who has acquired many specialized skills can be said to have a great deal of ____________________ intelligence.
Q4) By developing tests of creative and practical intelligence, Sternberg is attempting to develop intelligence tests that are better predictors of ____________________ than standard IQ tests.
Q5) If a test has poor reliability, it will also have poor validity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be good advice to a company that was setting up three work shifts for its workers?
A) Reserve the most dangerous jobs for the night shift, since fewer industrial accidents occur at night.
B) Provide very bright lights during the night shift.
C) Rotate workers from the midnight shift to the evening shift to the day shift.
D) Rotate workers randomly between shifts.
Q2) Many hypnotists claim that you will do nothing under hypnosis that you would refuse to do otherwise. What does the evidence say about this claim?
A) It is correct. People who are asked to do something dangerous or illegal under hypnosis consistently refuse.
B) It is incorrect. Hypnotized people do many things that they would never agree to do otherwise.
C) The evidence is unclear. Even people who are not hypnotized will agree to do strange and dangerous things in an experiment.
D) The evidence is unclear. As soon as a hypnotist suggests doing something even slightly dangerous, the person comes out of hypnosis.
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Page 21
Chapter 10: A--Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans have a circadian rhythm, but such a mechanism has not yet been discovered in other animal species.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Dreaming occurs only during REM sleep.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Larger animal species need more sleep than smaller species.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____________________ rhythms are those that last about a day.
Q5) People who were born blind do not have visual images in their dreams.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Memories recalled under hypnosis are more accurate than ordinary memories.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Nightmares occur mostly during ____________________ sleep, night terrors occur during ____________________ sleep.
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Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researcher Simon LeVay found differences between adult male homosexuals and adult male heterosexuals in
A) levels of testosterone in the bloodstream.
B) family background.
C) early childhood experiences.
D) part of the hypothalamus.
Q2) Because job satisfaction is highly heritable
A) younger workers, on average, report greater job satisfaction than older workers.
B) first borns tend to report higher job satisfaction than their later-born siblings.
C) dizygotic twins are more similar in their job satisfaction ratings on average than monozygotic twins.
D) monozygotic twins are more similar in their job satisfaction ratings on average than dizygotic twins.
Q3) When people set goals for themselves, one of the most common errors is to
A) underestimate how long a task will take.
B) set goals that are too specific.
C) announce their goals publicly.
D) start working toward the goal too quickly.
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Chapter 11: A--Motivated Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Insulin increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Job satisfaction is heritable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Job satisfaction is ____________________ correlated with job performance.
Q4) A man who has a homosexual orientation is most likely to have a brother who is also homosexual if that brother is ____________________.
Q5) Maintaining stability of temperature, body weight, body water, and other biological conditions is known as ____________________.
Q6) Alice solves crossword puzzles because she enjoys the challenge and takes satisfaction from successfully completing a puzzle. Psychologists would describe Alice's behavior as extrinsically motivated.
A)True
B)False
Q7) A motivation to engage in an act for its own sake is called _________.
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Chapter 12: Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) What evidence do we have for believing that people have built-in, unlearned tendencies for certain facial expressions?
A) Humans use facial expressions to express emotions and other primates do not.
B) Children who are born deaf and blind develop normal facial expressions.
C) People use various facial expressions throughout the day, even when they are feeling no emotions.
D) People in all parts of the world laugh equally frequently and they laugh at the same things.
Q2) If you expect to face a stressful experience, what can you do to make it less stressful?
A) Arrange it so you will not know when the stressful experience is about to happen.
B) Make sure your friends do not know what you are going through.
C) First get experience with a milder degree of the stressor.
D) Arrange it so you will have no sense of control over the event.
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Chapter 12: A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health
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Q1) While we typically think of emotions as an internal experience that is followed by a facial expression representing our emotion, many researchers have questioned whether this is in fact the case. Specifically, researchers have wondered if they could illicit an emotional response by molding a participant's posture and breathing pattern into a pattern typical of a given emotion. Describe what happened in the study illustrated in your text in which participants were made to frown or smile by holding pens in their lips.
Q2) According to the research on happiness, unmarried people are happier than married people.
A)True B)False
Q3) Most people who experience extremely traumatic events develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
A)True B)False
Q4) It appears that humans evolved the ability to cry because it reduces tension. A)True B)False
Q5) Activity of the ____________________ decreases heart rate and increases digestion.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Q1) One far-reaching implication of the results of Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority is that
A) there is a growing tendency for young people to show disrespect for their elders.
B) only uneducated people follow bad orders without questioning them or challenging the authority that made them.
C) many people will follow unreasonable and dangerous orders.
D) the government needs to have a strong method of enforcing its laws if it expects people to obey them.
Q2) People listening to a message on a topic they consider very important will probably follow the __________ route to persuasion.
A) dissonant
B) central
C) self-perceptive
D) peripheral
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Chapter 13: A--Social Psychology
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Q1) Compared to the United States, researchers typically find that conformity rates are higher in ____________________.
Q2) Regardless of whether our potential for altruistic, cooperative behavior depends on a genetic predisposition, experiences, or a combination of the two, it has to develop in some way. Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning is a process that naturally matures through a series of stages. Name and describe the two stages that comprise the preconventional morality level.
Q3) Solomon Asch had participants choose which line was the same length as a comparison line in the presence of confederates who chose obviously wrong answers. Asch found about twice as much conformity when the number of confederates was large (about 10) as when it was smaller (about 5).
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to research on the sleeper effect, persuasion attempts are much more likely to be successful when we hear them subconsciously, such as when we are asleep.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the big five description of personality, we find that most adults show a slight increase in __________ as they grow older.
A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) openness to experience
D) conscientiousness
Q2) An important criticism of the Rorschach Inkblot Test is that
A) the scoring system penalizes less intelligent or less vocal people for not giving many answers.
B) different psychologists interpret the same results in different ways.
C) almost any answer to any item is typically regarded as normal.
D) the instructions are extremely complicated and very strict.
Q3) A self-actualized person is likely to be
A) introverted.
B) independent and creative.
C) obedient to authority.
D) stubborn and resistant to change.
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Chapter 14: A--Personality
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Q1) According to Freud, the ____________________ is the rational, decision-making aspect of the personality.
Q2) According to Adler, a healthy personality involves the development of social interest.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Rorschach Inkblot test rarely gives unique information about a person that could not be easily obtained through other methods.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The approach to the study of individual differences that seeks general laws about how some aspect of personality affect behavior is the ____________________ approach.
Q5) According to Jung, the ____________________, present at birth, pertains to the cumulative experience of preceding generations.
Q6) According to Freud, in the ____________________, children begin to play with their genitals and according to Freud become sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent.
Q7) Freud's theory of personality is an example of a ____________________ theory.
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Chapter 15: Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a psychological disorder that is classified in Axis II of DSM-IV?
A) anorexia nervosa
B) depression
C) schizophrenia
D) mental retardation
Q2) How do success rates compare for different kinds of therapy?
A) Psychoanalysis is usually the most effective.
B) Person-centered therapy is usually the most effective.
C) Behavior therapy works best for men; cognitive therapy works best for women.
D) All the common types of therapy are about equally effective.
Q3) Over the last half century, one trend in treatment of the mentally ill has been
A) decreased attention to cultural influences.
B) increased reliance on psychoanalysis.
C) decreased long-term commitment to mental hospitals.
D) decreased use of drugs.
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Chapter 15: A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues
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Q1) Personality disorders are included along with mental retardation on Axis II of DSM-IV because they are conditions that generally persist through the person's life.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Psychologists overwhelmingly agree that the basic goal or idea behind the deinstitutionalization movement was flawed.
A)True B)False
Q3) The goal of psychoanalysis is to help the client move their conflicts from conscious awareness to the unconscious, ending the problem.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To standardize their definitions of disorders, psychiatrists and psychologists developed a reference book called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-now in its fourth edition and therefore known as the DSM-IV. Describe the five axes that the DSM-IV uses to categorize psychological disorders.
Q5) ____________________ means the removal of patients from mental hospitals.
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Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
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Q1) How did the use of heroin first come about?
A) It was offered by researchers as a substitute for morphine.
B) It was extracted by the Turks from a type of mushroom.
C) It was chemically synthesized by a group of addicts who were looking for a stronger form of marijuana.
D) It was extracted by Ancient Egyptians from the peyote plant.
Q2) Antidepressant drugs influence people's mood by affecting A) digestion.
B) genes.
C) synapses.
D) blood flow.
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding depression is NOT true?
A) Depression is common in adolescence and becomes less common as people age.
B) Between 10-20% of the U.S. population will become depressed during their lifetime.
C) Few people become permanently depressed--most have a single episode perhaps followed by an additional episode months or years later.
D) Some research suggests that depression is becoming more common, but the research is mixed on this issue.
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Chapter 16: A--Specific Disorders and Treatments
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Q1) The process of addiction changes the organization of several brain areas, including areas involved in motivation and attention.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Alcoholism is a complex disorder that appears to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Twin studies indicate a strong genetic basis for alcoholism and these studies have led researchers to question whether there are multiple types of alcoholism. Describe the two types of alcoholism presented in your chapter.
Q3) People diagnosed with schizophrenia typically have two or more personalities that alternate taking control of the body.
A)True
B)False
Q4) At this point in time, there is strong agreement among psychologists that alcoholism is a disease.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _____________________ is a fear of open or public places.
Q6) A repetitive, unwelcome train of thought is known as ____________________.
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Chapter Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination
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Q1) Which of the following studies was most severely criticized for failing to obtain a representative or random sample?
A) Hubel and Wiesel's study on feature-detector cells
B) Asch's study on conformity
C) Bandura's study on the role of imitation in learning aggressive behavior
D) Kinsey's study on sexual behavior
Q2) The representativeness heuristic most closely resembles the social psychological phenomenon of
A) conformity.
B) groupthink.
C) stereotypes.
D) self-serving bias.
Q3) In the terminology of transformational grammar and of psychoanalysis, the surface structure of a language is to the deep structure as the __________ content of a dream is to the __________ content.
A) latent...manifest
B) visual...auditory
C) auditory...visual
D) manifest...latent
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