Basic Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Basic Pathophysiology explores the foundational mechanisms by which normal physiological processes are disrupted by disease. Emphasizing the cellular and systemic alterations that underlie common health disorders, this course examines topics such as inflammation, infection, immune responses, genetic mutations, and tissue repair. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the causes, development, and manifestations of a range of pathological conditions, providing the essential framework needed for further study in clinical and health sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 6th Edition by Valerie C. Scanlon
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Chapter 2:Organization and General Plan of the Body-Part
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of cells and tissues (Select all that apply)?
A)A human cell is made of organic and inorganic chemicals.
B)A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together.
C)A tissue that generates impulses is nerve tissue.
D)Some connective tissues do not have cells.
E)A tissue on a body surface is an epithelial tissue.
F)The tissue that is specialized to contract is muscle tissue.
Answer: A,B,C,E,F
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of body areas (Select all that apply)?
A)The femoral area is both dorsal and ventral.
B)The iliac area is medial to the umbilical area.
C)The most distal area of the lower limb is the femoral area.
D)The deltoid area is superior to the sacral area.
E)The axillary area is to the upper limb as the inguinal area is to the lower limb.
F)The hepatic area is superficial to the cutaneous area.
Answer: A,D,E
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Chapter 2:Organization and General Plan of the Body-Part
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Q1) The brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes called the ___________________.
Answer: meninges
Q2) The bones of the skull are rigid and hard,which is part of their
Answer: anatomy
Q3) The smallest living unit of structure and function is the _________________. Answer: cell
Q4) The orbital areas are ___________________ to the temporal areas. Answer: medial
Q5) A tissue that supports the body is a type of _______________________ tissue. Answer: connective
Q6) The lungs are covered by a membrane called the ____________________. Answer: visceral pleura
Q7) A tissue that forms glands to produce secretions is a type of _____________________ tissue.
Answer: epithelial
Q8) The two orbital areas would be separated from each other by a _____________________ section of the head. Answer: midsagittal Page 4
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Page 5
Chapter 2:Organization and General Plan of the Body-Part
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Q1) An organ that is shaped like a sac or sphere with a tube leading out probably ___ something.
A)covers
B)secretes
C)divides
D)supports
Answer: B
Q2) An organ that is hard and strong probably ___ something.
A)moves
B)transports
C)protects or supports
D)covers
Answer: C
Q3) An organ that is part of the endocrine system probably ___ something.
A)protects
B)secretes
C)covers
D)moves
Answer: B
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Chapter 3:Some Basic Chemistry-Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of elements (Select all that apply)?
A)C,H,and O stand for carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen.
B)Cu and Cl stand for copper and chlorine.
C)Fe and I stand for iron and iodine.
D)N and Na stand for nitrogen and potassium.
E)Ca and K stand for calcium and sodium.
F)Z and M stand for zinc and magnesium.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the structure of organic molecules (Select all that apply)?
A)The subunits of polysaccharides are monosaccharides.
B)Amino acids are the subunits of nucleic acids.
C)Fatty acids are subunits of phospholipids.
D)Glycerol is a subunit of steroids.
E)Glucose is the subunit of glycogen.
F)Nucleotides are large molecules made of DNA or RNA.
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Chapter 3:Some Basic Chemistry-Part B
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Q1) A cation is an ion with a _____________________ charge.
Q2) An anion is an ion with a __________________ charge.
Q3) Dissociation means that a molecule breaks into its ____________________.
Q4) Cholesterol is the precursor molecule from which ______________________ hormones are made.
Q5) An ionic bond is formed when atoms gain or lose _______________________.
Q6) For the elements potassium and phosphorus,the chemical symbols are ______ and _______.
Q7) The number of positive or negative charges an ion has is called its
Q8) Two polysaccharides made of glucose are ____________________ and
Q9) The mineral necessary for blood clotting is ___________________________.
Q10) The energy products of cell respiration are __________________ and
Q11) The genetic material of the chromosomes of a cell is
Page 8
Q12) Large changes in the pH of the blood are prevented by chemicals called
Q13) DNA is the genetic material in the ___________________________ of a cell.
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Chapter 3:Some Basic Chemistry-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) A blood pH of 7.44 is:
A)slightly alkaline and in the normal range
B)slightly acidic and in the normal range
C)slightly alkaline and too high for the normal range
D)slightly acidic and too low for the normal range
Q2) The oligosaccharides are attached to:
A)DNA and RNA as part of the genetic code
B)certain enzymes as part of the active site
C)structural proteins to provide stability
D)cell membranes as self antigens
Q3) On the pH scale,bases are indicated by numbers:
A)below 4
B)below 7
C)above 4
D)above 7
Q4) Heat may disrupt the functioning of an enzyme because:
A)human enzymes function only at 98.6°F
B)heat can break peptide bonds
C)water molecules are attracted to the enzyme,and denature it
D)heat can break hydrogen bonds and denature the enzyme
10
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Chapter 4:Cells-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of cellular transport mechanisms (Select all that apply)?
A)Facilitated diffusion requires phospholipid pores in the cell membrane.
B)In the body,CO2 is exchanged for oxygen by the process of filtration.
C)Osmosis is the filtration of water.
D)Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both forms of exocytosis.
E)The energy for diffusion comes from ATP.
F)Active transport is the movement of molecules along (with)a concentration gradient.
G)A transporter molecule is specific for what it will carry through the cell membrane.
H)The energy for filtration in capillaries comes from blood pressure.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the stages of mitosis (Select all that apply)?
A)The set of chromosomes replicates itself during prophase.
B)A replicated chromosome is two identical chromatids.
C)The division of the cytoplasm of a cell follows metaphase.
D)During interphase,the chromosomes coil up and become visible.
E)In anaphase,the chromosomes move toward the equator of the cell.f.Spindle fibers are formed during telophase.
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Chapter 4:Cells-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the process of facilitated diffusion,a substance moves from an area of _____________ concentration to an area of ____________________ concentration.
Q2) Chromosomes are made of ________________,and are found in the ________________ of a cell.
Q3) Cell membranes allow certain materials in or out; such membranes are said to be ____________________________ permeable.
Q4) The cell division process that with one division produces two cells is
Q5) The cell organelles that are the site of protein synthesis are
Q6) In mitosis,the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell during
Q7) In mitosis,the spindle fibers form between the centrioles during
Q8) In mitosis,the centromeres of the chromatid pairs divide during
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Q9) The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is called ________________________.
Chapter 4:Cells-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Facilitated diffusion depends on:
A)the cholesterol in the cell membrane
B)transporters that are part of the cell membrane
C)the Golgi apparatus within the cell
D)the endoplasmic reticulum within the cell
Q2) Most human cells have ___ chromosomes,which is the ___ number.
A)46/diploid
B)23/haploid
C)46/haploid
D)23/diploid
Q3) Meiosis involves ___ division(s)to produce ___ cells.
A)two/two
B)one/two
C)two/four
D)one/four
Q4) ATP provides the energy for the cellular transport process of:
A)osmosis
B)filtration
C)facilitated diffusion
D)active transport
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Chapter 5:Tissues and Membranes-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of connective tissues (Select all that apply)?
A)Elastic connective tissue is important in the lungs for normal exhalation.
B)Adipose tissue cushions organs such as the eyes and kidneys.
C)Areolar connective tissue contains mast cells and WBCs for immune responses.
D)Potential energy is found in adipose tissue in the form of glycogen.
E)Areolar connective tissue is found below the epithelium of all connective tissue membranes.
F)Fibrous connective tissue forms ligaments and the fasciae around muscles.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of mucous membranes (Select all that apply)?
A)The urinary bladder is lined with mucous membrane.
B)The mucus produced in the upper respiratory tract helps trap bacteria.
C)Mucus is an important lubricant in the respiratory tract.
D)A mucous membrane may be a lining or a covering.
E)The organ systems with mucous membranes all open into one another.
F)The male urethra has a mucous membrane,but the female urethra has a serous membrane.
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Chapter 5:Tissues and Membranes-Part B
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Q1) The _______________________ connective tissue between the skin and muscles contains white blood cells to destroy pathogens.
Q2) The general function of white blood cells is to ______________________________.
Q3) The most important physical characteristic of elastin is that it is ____________________.
Q4) Of urethra,heart,and pharynx,the one NOT lined with mucous membrane is the ________________________.
Q5) The serous membrane that lines the fibrous pericardium is the
Q6) All of the kinds of blood cells are produced in the
Q7) The tissue that stores potential energy in the form of true fats is
Q8) Diffusion of gases in the lungs is possible because the alveoli are made of _________________ epithelium.
Q9) The tissue that forms a cushion around the kidneys is __________________________.
Page 15
Q10) Of uterus,artery,and trachea,the one NOT lined with mucous membrane is the
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Chapter 5:Tissues and Membranes-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) The connective tissue membranes that line joint cavities are called:
A)periosteal membranes
B)meninges
C)synovial membranes
D)fasciae
Q2) The serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs is the:
A)pleura
B)pericardium
C)peritoneum
D)mesentery
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of mucous membrane tracts?
A)All have openings to the environment.
B)The mucus produced may be a lubricant.
C)All of the organs are hollow sacs or tubes.
D)Two examples are the urinary and endocrine tracts.
Q4) Chondrocytes are cells of ___,and are found in a matrix that has no ___.
A)bone/protein
B)cartilage/protein
C)bone/capillaries
D)cartilage/capillaries
17
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Chapter 6:The Integumentary System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the integumentary system (Select all that apply)?
A)Functions of the system include immune responses and vitamin E production.
B)An important function is to separate the internal environment from the external environment.
C)Temperature regulation involves the arterioles of the epidermis.
D)The entire dermis is living tissue.
E)The skin is an organ,because it is made of different kinds of tissues.
F)Subcutaneous tissue is between the epidermis and the muscles.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the cutaneous senses (Select all that apply)?
A)Most of the receptors are in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
B)The more receptors per square inch,the more sensitive the skin is.
C)Free nerve endings are only for pain.
D)Receptors for pressure and itch are encapsulated nerve endings.
E)These senses provide information about the external environment.
F)Receptors are most numerous in the skin of the palms and soles.
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Page 18
Chapter 6:The Integumentary System-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ends of fingers and toes are protected from mechanical injury by ________________.
Q2) During hot weather the ___________________ sweat glands increase their rate of secretion.
Q3) The subcutaneous tissue layer is also called the ______________________________.
Q4) Living skin cells are protected from exposure to ultraviolet rays by _________________.
Q5) If intact,the stratum corneum is a very good barrier to ____________________ and ________________________.
Q6) The glands that secrete cerumen are called _________________________.
Q7) The lowest layer of the _____________________ is the stratum germinativum,and its function is ___________________________.
Q8) The subcutaneous tissue is located between the _____________________ and the ________________________.
Q9) Vasodilation in the dermis is important to _____________________ heat in a(n)_______________ environment.
Q10) Drying of the eardrum is prevented by _________________ .
Q11) Most cutaneous receptors are found in the ___________________ of the skin. Page 19
Q12) Scratching an itch is efficient because fingers have __________________________.
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Chapter 6:The Integumentary System-Part C
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Q1) The function of melanin is to protect living skin layers from more:
A)pressure
B)friction
C)UV rays
D)color
Q2) The function of cerumen is to:
A)prevent drying of the eardrum
B)prevent drying of the hair
C)permit gripping by the palms
D)prevent friction on the skin
Q3) Ultraviolet rays of the sun stimulate production of ___ in the skin.
A)keratin
B)collagen
C)melanin
D)all of these
Q4) Encapsulated nerve endings in the skin are the receptors for:
A)touch,pressure,and pain
B)heat,cold,pressure,and pain
C)touch and pressure
D)cold and pain
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Chapter 7:The Skeletal System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of red bone marrow (RBM)and blood cells (Select all that apply)?
A)RBM is found in the diaphyses of long bones.
B)RBM is the body's primary hemopoietic tissue.
C)All of the body's red blood cells are produced in the RBM.
D)RBM is found in the compact bone of flat bones.
E)Platelets are produced in the RBM and are important for blood clotting.
F)White blood cells are not produced in the RBM,but rather by the liver.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the embryonic growth of long bones (Select all that apply)?
A)Long bones are first made of cartilage.
B)The first center of ossification in a long bone is in the distal epiphysis.
C)Bone matrix formation proceeds from the distal end of the bone to the proximal end,and is completed at birth.
D)An epiphyseal disc is on the articular surface of a long bone.
E)On the diaphysis side of an epiphyseal disc,cartilage replaces bone.
F)When a bone stops growing,all of the cartilage in an epiphyseal disc has been replaced by bone.
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Chapter 7:The Skeletal System-Part B
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Q1) The hormone in women that promotes closure of the epiphyseal discs is
Q2) The paranasal sinuses are lined with ___________________ epithelium.
Q3) New bone matrix for growth is produced by cells called __________________________.
Q4) The femur and tibia form a(n)_____________________ joint.
Q5) The sacrum is composed of __________ (number)fused vertebrae,and articulates with the __________________________.
Q6) Protein in the diet is needed to form the _______________ in the bone matrix of a growing child.
Q7) The bone surfaces in a synovial joint are smooth because of the presence of ______________________________________.
Q8) The ribs that articulate indirectly with the sternum are the ______________________,and there are _________ pairs.
Q9) The manubrium and xiphoid process are both parts of the ________________________.
Q10) The heart and liver are protected from mechanical injury by the
Q11) Calcium is needed in the blood for the process of ___________________________. Page 23
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Chapter 7:The Skeletal System-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a suture joint is the:
A)mandible and temporal bone
B)occipital and parietal bones
C)clavicle and scapula
D)two pubic bones
Q2) The frontal and parietal bones form this type of joint:
A)symphysis
B)gliding
C)suture
D)pivot
Q3) In a synovial joint,the articular cartilage:
A)covers the joint surfaces of bones
B)lines the synovial membrane
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and anchors tendons
Q4) In a synovial joint,the synovial fluid prevents friction:
A)within the joint cavity
B)between the articular cartilages
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and outside the joint capsule
25
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Chapter 8:The Muscular System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of oxygen and muscle contraction (Select all that apply)?
A)Myoglobin transports oxygen to muscle cells.
B)Hemoglobin transports oxygen in blood plasma.
C)When oxygen is present in contracting muscle cells,CO2 and H2O are formed.
D)When oxygen is not present in contracting muscle cells,lactic acid is formed.
E)Oxygen debt is the body's need for oxygen to convert lactic acid to proteins.
F)Both myoglobin and hemoglobin can bond to oxygen because they contain the mineral iron.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the locations and functions of muscles (Select all that apply)?
A)The semispinalis capitis flexes the head and neck.
B)The hamstring group extends the thigh.
C)The trapezius raises the shoulder.
D)The teres major flexes the upper arm.
E)The gastrocnemius dorsiflexes the foot.
F)The rectus abdominis flexes the vertebral column.
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Chapter 8:The Muscular System-Part B
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Q1) The muscle on the front of the lower leg that dorsiflexes the foot is the
Q2) The muscle group on the back of the thigh that extends the thigh is the
Q3) The muscle around the eye that closes the eye is the _____________________________.
Q4) The _________________________ of the brain coordinates the actions of skeletal muscles.
Q5) In the neuromuscular junction,cholinesterase is contained within the
Q6) In the neuromuscular junction,acetylcholine is inactivated by
Q7) The muscle on the ventral side of the trunk that flexes the vertebral column is the
Q8) The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscles is called
Q9) The term oxygen debt refers to a lack of oxygen during the process of
Q10) The organ system that is moved by muscles is the _______________________ system. Page 27
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Chapter 8:The Muscular System-Part C
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Q1) In cell respiration in muscles,the product that is a waste product is:
A)carbon dioxide
B)ATP
C)heat
D)water
Q2) The function of the orbicularis oris is to:
A)pucker the lips
B)lower the jaw
C)raise the jaw
D)pull the lips back
Q3) A single muscle fiber contraction is called a ___,and the sustained contraction of a muscle fiber is called ___.
A)twitch/prolonged twitch
B)tetanus/coordination
C)twitch/tetanus
D)tetanus/extended action potential
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Chapter 9:The Nervous System-Part A
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Q1) The cranial nerve pair that is sensory for hearing is the ________________________.
Q2) A group of neurons with shared functions in the CNS is called a(n)___________________.
Q3) The part of the brain that regulates body temperature is the _____________________.
Q4) A group of neurons with shared functions in the peripheral nervous system is called a(n)___________________.
Q5) The tissue fluid of the brain is _______________________________.
Q6) The part of the brain with centers for visual and auditory reflexes is the __________________.
Q7) The spinal cord reflexes that help keep the body upright are the _________________ reflexes.
Q8) The ______________________ lobe of the cerebrum contains the visual area.
Q9) The cranial nerve pairs that are sensory for taste are the ______________________ and the ________________________________.
Q10) The nucleus of a neuron is found in its ________________________.
Q11) The ___________________________ division of the autonomic nervous system increases digestive secretions. Page 30
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Chapter 9:The Nervous System-Part B
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the spinal cord (Select all that apply)?
A)The white matter consists of ganglia.
B)The gray matter is shaped like the letter A.
C)It extends from the foramen magnum to the next to last thoracic vertebra.
D)The central canal contains cerebrospinal fluid.
E)Both the meninges and the backbone provide protection from mechanical injury.
F)The ventral horns of the gray matter consist of the cell bodies of motor neurons.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of a reflex arc (Select all that apply)?
A)Interneurons may be present in the CNS.
B)A sensory neuron carries impulses to the CNS.
C)The stimulus for the reflex is detected by a receptor.
D)Synapses in the reflex arc are in the dorsal root ganglia.
E)The effector of the reflex is often muscle tissue.
F)The effector is activated by impulses from a motor neuron.
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Chapter 9:The Nervous System-Part C
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Q1) The nerves that supply the diaphragm are called:
A)phrenic nerves
B)intercostal nerves
C)radial nerves
D)sciatic nerves
Q2) Which statement is NOT true of synapses?
A)The presynaptic membrane is part of an axon.
B)Some synapses are inhibitory,and magnify the impulse.
C)The postsynaptic membrane has receptor sites for the neurotransmitter.
D)Each neurotransmitter has its own inactivator.
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of the meninges?
A)The pia mater is made of strong fibrous connective tissue.
B)There are three layers.
C)The dura mater is the outermost layer.
D)The dura mater lines the dorsal cavity.
Q4) The effector of a reflex arc:
A)generates an electrical impulse to the CNS
B)performs the reflex act
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and has one or more synapses
Page 33
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Chapter 10:The Senses-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of arterial receptors (Select all that apply)?
A)Pressoreceptors detect changes in blood pressure.
B)These receptors are found in the carotid arteries,which are within the brain.
C)These receptors are also in the aortic arch,which is in the thoracic cavity.
D)Arterial chemoreceptors detect changes in nutrient levels in the blood.
E)The information from these receptors is used to make changes in breathing and heart rate.
F)The cranial nerves that are sensory are the facial and glossopharyngeal.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the cutaneous senses (Select all that apply)?
A)Most of the receptors are in the epidermis.
B)The receptors for pain,touch,and temperature are encapsulated nerve endings.
C)The sensitivity of an area of skin depends on how close the receptors are to the surface.
D)Irritating substances in the skin can trigger itch or pain sensations.
E)Adaptation occurs with the senses of touch and pressure.
F)Contrast is an important aspect of cutaneous temperature sense.
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34
Chapter 10:The Senses-Part B
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Q1) The function of sensory receptors is to ________________________________.
Q2) Being aware of a sensation even after the stimulus has stopped is called a(n)________________________.
Q3) Many of the sensory areas are located in the cerebral _________________________.
Q4) The receptors for hearing are located in the ___________________ of the inner ear.
Q5) The membranes that line the eyelids are the ____________________________.
Q6) The middle ear cavity is filled with ____________________,and the pressure is regulated by the _________________________.
Q7) The ___________________ layer of the eyeball absorbs light within the eye to prevent glare.
Q8) The eyeball is moved up and down or side to side by the ____________________________.
Q9) The cells of the retina that form the optic nerve are the __________________________.
Q10) The optic nerve is formed by ____________________ neurons,and passes through the eyeball at the _____________________. Page 35
Q11) The part of the eye that contracts to change the shape of the lens is the
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Chapter 10:The Senses-Part C
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Q1) Which of these cranial nerve pairs is NOT involved in movement of the eyeball?
A)optic
B)abducens
C)oculomotor
D)trochlear
Q2) The parts of the brain that regulate balance and equilibrium are the:
A)cerebellum and medulla
B)medulla and midbrain
C)midbrain and cerebellum
D)midbrain and hypothalamus
Q3) The cranial nerve pair for vision is the:
A)oculomotor
B)abducens
C)optic
D)trochlear
Q4) The aqueous humor of the eye:
A)is found in the posterior cavity
B)nourishes the lens and cornea
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and is a stationary fluid
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Chapter 11:The Endocrine System-Part A
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13 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and oxytocin (Select all that apply)?
A)Both of these hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the anterior pituitary gland.
B)ADH may also be called vasopressin because in large amounts it causes vasoconstriction.
C)Oxytocin inhibits contractions of the uterus to prevent premature labor.
D)After birth,oxytocin causes release of milk from the mammary glands.
E)ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water to increase urinary output.
F)The stimulus for secretion of ADH is any decrease in body water.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of parathyroid hormone (PTH)and calcitonin (Select all that apply)?
A)Both hormones are secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B)PTH increases the storage of calcium in bones.
C)Calcitonin increases the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.
D)PTH stimulates the activation of vitamin C by the kidneys.
E)PTH increases the absorption of calcium from food in the small intestine.f.Calcitonin is secreted when the blood calcium level decreases.
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Chapter 11:The Endocrine System-Part B
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83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Steroid hormones are believed to exert their effects by activating certain ________________ within a cell.
Q2) Some prostaglandins are necessary for the ___________________ of blood.
Q3) The hormone that increases heart rate and slows peristalsis is _______________________.
Q4) In men,the two hormones secreted by the testes are ________________________ and _________________________.
Q5) The effects of epinephrine are very similar to those of the _______________________ nervous system.
Q6) The hormone that causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction in the viscera is _______________________________.
Q7) The specific cells that produce glucagon are _________________ cells,and they do so when the blood glucose level ________________________.
Q8) In women,the hormone that stimulates ovulation is ___________________ from the ________________________ gland.
Q9) Secretion of cortisol is stimulated by _________________ from the ______________________ gland.
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Q10) The hormone that dilates the bronchioles is __________________________.
Chapter 11:The Endocrine System-Part C
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104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these is a target organ of calcitonin?
A)small intestine
B)kidneys
C)bones
D)liver
Q2) The name for hormone-like chemicals that are produced from cell membranes and have localized effects is:
A)tissue factors
B)prostaglandins
C)releasing factors
D)glandular factors
Q3) A stimulus for secretion of ADH is:
A)water loss in extreme sweating
B)severe hemorrhage
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and severe diarrhea
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Chapter 12:Blood-Part A
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11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of blood viscosity and pH (Select all that apply)?
A)Plasma proteins decrease blood viscosity,so that blood flows smoothly.
B)The normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45.
C)Blood viscosity contributes to normal blood pressure.
D)Oxygen has a greater effect on blood pH than does carbon dioxide.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of red blood cell types (Select all that apply)?
A)Rh-negative RBCs do not have the D antigen.
B)The ABO blood group has three specific types.
C)A type O person has both A and B antibodies on the RBCs.
D)A type B person cannot donate blood to a type O person.
E)A type A negative person can donate blood to a type B positive person.
F)The most common blood type in a population is often O positive,because the genes for it are dominant.
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Chapter 12:Blood-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood plasma makes up approximately __________% to __________% of the total blood.
Q2) The part of a CBC that measures the percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood is the ______________________,and a normal range is _________% to _________%.
Q3) Bilirubin is made from the _______________ of old RBCs,and is excreted by the __________________ into _________________.
Q4) The viscosity of the blood is its __________________,and depends on the presence of the plasma protein __________________.
Q5) The pH of the blood will decrease if the amount of carbon dioxide it carries
Q6) The precursor cell for all of the kinds of blood cells is the _____________________.
Q7) The kind of WBC that releases histamine during inflammation is the
Q8) A count of 275,000 cells per microliter of blood is within the normal range for _________________.
Q9) The normal hematocrit has a range of _________________ to ________________.
42
Q10) The term for a low RBC count is _____________________.
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Chapter 12:Blood-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bilirubin is excreted by the ___ into bile,to be eliminated in ___.
A)kidneys/urine
B)liver/urine
C)kidneys/feces
D)liver/feces
Q2) The vitamin necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin is ___,and any excess may be stored in the ___.
A)K/liver
B)C/red bone marrow
C)C/liver
D)K/red bone marrow
Q3) In the process of RBC formation,the extrinsic factor is ___,and the intrinsic factor is produced by the ___.
A)vitamin B12/stomach lining
B)vitamin C/liver
C)vitamin B12/liver
D)vitamin C/stomach lining
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43
Chapter 13:The Heart-Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of coronary circulation (Select all that apply)?
A)The coronary arteries are branches of the ascending aorta.
B)The blood in the coronary arteries is high in oxygen.
C)Blockage of a coronary vessel may cause ischemia and necrosis of cardiac muscle.
D)The coronary veins merge into the coronary sinus,which empties blood into the left atrium.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of cardiac output (Select all that apply)?
A)Cardiac output equals stroke volume plus pulse.
B)Average resting cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per hour,and varies with the size of the person.
C)A certain level of cardiac output is necessary to maintain proper oxygenation of tissues.
D)Cardiac output may be decreased by severe hemorrhage.
Q3)
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Chapter 13:The Heart-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) The part of the heart that initiates each beat is the _________________________.
Q2) The _________________________ returns blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
Q3) The walls of the chambers of the heart are formed by the ___________________________.
Q4) The carotid sinus is strategically located to detect changes as the blood is on its way to the ___________________________.
Q5) The layer of the heart wall that prevents abnormal clotting is the ______________________.
Q6) The ___________________ valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
Q7) The aortic sinus is strategically located to detect changes as soon as the blood leaves the __________________________.
Q8) The normal range of resting heart rate for a healthy adult is __________ to _________ bpm.
Q9) The outermost of the pericardial membranes is the ________________________ pericardium.
Page 45
Q10) The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat is called
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Chapter 13:The Heart-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) The heart is ___ to the lungs and ___ to the diaphragm.
A)medial/superior
B)lateral/superior
C)medial/inferior
D)lateral/inferior
Q2) The right side of the heart:
A)receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
B)receives blood from the body and pumps it to the body
C)receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body
D)receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the lungs
Q3) The name for the muscular walls of the chambers of the heart is:
A)mesocardium
B)myocardium
C)epicardium
D)endocardium
Q4) The function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)is to:
A)decrease sodium and water excretion by the large intestine
B)increase sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
C)increase sodium and water excretion by the large intestine
D)decrease sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
Page 47
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Chapter 14:The Vascular System-Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of hepatic portal circulation (Select all that apply)?
A)The liver is essential because its two sets of capillaries help regulate blood pressure.
B)Blood from the digestive organs and spleen circulates through the liver before returning to the heart.
C)As blood flows through the liver,excess glucose is stored as glycogen.
D)The liver is a storage site for iron and the water-soluble vitamins.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of arteries and veins (Select all that apply)?
A)Venous anastomoses ensure that oxygenated blood will get to tissues.
B)The endothelium of both arteries and veins contributes to the prevention of abnormal clotting.
C)The smooth muscle layer of veins is thicker than that of arteries because veins are farther from the heart.
D)Only veins have valves,which keep the blood moving between heartbeats.
E)The fibrous connective tissue layer of arteries is relatively thin because the blood is moving fast.
F)Arterial anastomoses ensure that blood will be able to return to the heart.
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Chapter 14:The Vascular System-Part B
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90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In fetal circulation,the ________________________ permits blood to flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
Q2) One purpose of portal circulation is to enable the liver to receive glucose absorbed by the _________________________ and store the excess as _______________________.
Q3) The hormone that raises blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction throughout the body is ________________________________.
Q4) The venous return mechanism that is especially important for the veins of the legs is the ___________________________.
Q5) The hormone that lowers blood pressure by increasing the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys is __________________________.
Q6) A venous anastomosis provides an alternate pathway for blood to flow back to the __________________.
Q7) The elasticity of the large arteries permits them to ______________________ during left ventricular diastole,and thereby to _______________________ diastolic BP.
Q8) Capillaries carry blood from ___________________ to
Q9) Arteries carry blood from the __________________ to
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Chapter 14:The Vascular System-Part C
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110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of fetal circulation?
A)The foramen ovale permits blood to bypass the fetal liver.
B)The umbilical arteries take blood from the fetus to the placenta.
C)The ductus arteriosus permits blood to bypass the fetal lungs.
D)The placenta is the site of exchanges between maternal blood and fetal blood.
Q2) When blood flow through the kidneys decreases:
A)filtration decreases and water is conserved to maintain BP
B)filtration decreases and water is eliminated to raise BP
C)filtration increases and water is conserved to maintain BP
D)filtration increases and water is eliminated to raise BP
Q3) In capillaries,osmosis is the process by which:
A)tissue fluid is formed
B)tissue fluid flows into capillaries
C)hormones exert their effects
D)A and B only
Q4) Which of these is NOT true of a BP reading?
A)Systolic pressure reflects the force of the left ventricle.
B)Hypotension would be a systolic pressure below 110 mmHg.
C)The reading is in millimeters of mercury.
D)At least two readings should be taken to see if they are consistent.
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of foreign antigens and immunity (Select all that apply)?
A)An antigen will be recognized as foreign if it is different from our "self" antigens.
B)Bacteria and viruses are foreign antigens,but a person's own cancer cells are not considered foreign.
C)Innate immunity does not have memory for foreign antigens,but adaptive immunity does have memory.
D)Innate immunity stimulates antibody production only against viruses.
E)Adaptive immunity becomes more efficient with repeated exposures to an antigen,but innate immunity does not.
F)The responses of innate immunity are always the same,but the adaptive immune response is different for each pathogen.
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Chapter 15:The Lymphatic System and Immunity-Part B
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114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lymph nodes and nodules contain macrophages to ____________________________,and plasma cells that produce ____________________________.
Q2) Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of ______________________.
Q3) The component of immunity that creates memory is ____________________ immunity.
Q4) In innate immunity,the mobile cells of the epidermis that pick up pathogens are _____________________________.
Q5) The cervical lymph nodes are in the ____________________,and destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the ___________________.
Q6) In adaptive immunity,the B cells that produce antibodies are called _______________________.
Q7) In innate immunity,the purpose of inflammation is to destroy _____________________ and to permit ___________________________ to begin.
Q8) In adaptive immunity,the cells that work together to recognize foreign antigens are the ______________________ and the __________________________.
53
Q9) The vessel that empties lymph into the left subclavian vein is the _______________________.
Q10) Lymphocytes are activated and proliferate within _____________________________.
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Chapter 15:The Lymphatic System and Immunity-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which class of antibodies is produced first during an infection?
A)IgA
B)IgG
C)IgE
D)IgM
Q2) The lysozyme of innate immunity is found in:
A)tears,to inhibit bacterial growth
B)saliva,to stimulate inflammation
C)gastric juice,to destroy bacteria
D)the stratum corneum,to inhibit fungi
Q3) The cells of adaptive immunity that are involved in the recognition of foreign antigens are:
A)helper T cells and helper B cells
B)macrophages and helper B cells
C)macrophages and helper T cells
D)plasma cells and macrophages
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Chapter 16:The Respiratory System-Part A
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10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the pleural membranes (Select all that apply)?
A)These are serous membranes made of strong fibrous connective tissue.
B)The visceral pleura lines the lungs.
C)Serous fluid prevents friction during breathing.
D)The parietal pleura lines the chest wall.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the chemical regulation of respiration (Select all that apply)?
A)The strongest stimulus to increase breathing is a decrease in CO2 in the body fluids.
B)The carotid bodies and jugular body contain receptors that detect decreased oxygen.
C)Central chemoreceptors that are very sensitive to decreased CO2 are located in the cerebrum.
D)Severe hypoxia will stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth.
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Chapter 16:The Respiratory System-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the structures and substances through which gases diffuse in the lungs are collectively called the ______________________________.
Q2) Two functions of the nasal mucosa are to ___________________ the incoming air and add ___________________________.
Q3) In external respiration,carbon dioxide diffuses from the _______________________ to the _____________________________.
Q4) The chemoreceptors that most rapidly detect an increase in the blood CO? level are located in the _______________________.
Q5) The trachea is lined with _________________________ epithelial tissue.
Q6) The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the _______________________________.
Q7) The laryngopharynx opens into the _____________________ and the _____________________.
Q8) The general cause of respiratory alkalosis is a(n)______________________ in breathing rate that results in __________________ CO<sub>2</sub> in the body.
Q9) During inhalation,intrapulmonic pressure _____________________,and air moves ________________ the lungs.
Page 57
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Chapter 16:The Respiratory System-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) The visceral pleura is found:
A)covering the chest cavity
B)lining the chest cavity
C)covering the lungs
D)lining the lungs
Q2) The function of most cartilage in the respiratory tract is to:
A)provide smooth surfaces
B)lubricate moving parts
C)support the nasal cavities
D)keep tubular structures open
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of the respiratory muscles?
A)The diaphragm moves upward during inhalation.
B)The intercostal muscles are attached to the ribs.
C)The internal intercostal muscles contribute to a forced exhalation.
D)The external intercostal muscles assist in inhalation.
Q4) The ciliated epithelium of the nasal mucosa:
A)sweeps mucus and pathogens out of the nose
B)keeps the air moving toward the pharynx
C)sweeps mucus and pathogens toward the pharynx
D)prevents dust from entering the nose
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Chapter 17:The Digestive System-Part A
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12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the stomach (Select all that apply)?
A)Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and the intrinsic factor.
B)The hormone gastrin decreases gastric motility.
C)Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins.
D)The external muscle layer has only the typical circular and longitudinal layers.
E)The pyloric sphincter prevents backup of stomach contents into the esophagus.
F)Parasympathetic impulses carried by the vagus nerves increase the motility of the stomach.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the digestive processes (Select all that apply)?
A)Chewing and the churning of the stomach are the only forms of mechanical digestion.
B)Chemical digestion requires enzymes,each of which is specific for one type of food.
C)An enzyme that requires a pH of 2 usually will not work at a pH of 8.
D)Mechanical digestion is helpful because it increases the surface area of food for enzymes to function efficiently.
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Chapter 17:The Digestive System-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bile leaves the liver by way of the _____________________ duct and enters the gallbladder by way of the _____________________ duct.
Q2) The function of the gallbladder is to ______________ and _________________ bile.
Q3) In the process of transamination,the liver synthesizes the _________________________.
Q4) The pyloric sphincter prevents backup of chyme from the _________________________ to the ______________________________.
Q5) The macrophages of the liver are called _______________________,and their function is ____________________________.
Q6) The digestive function of bile is to _______________________________.
Q7) The cranial nerve pair that supplies the alimentary tube is the ___________________,and its effect on peristalsis is to ____________________ it.
Q8) The _______________________ colon turns inferiorly at the spleen and continues as the _____________________________ colon.
Q9) The lymph nodules of the alimentary tube are located in the ________________________ (layer).
Page 60
Q10) The _____________________ in saliva inhibits the growth of some bacteria.
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Chapter 17:The Digestive System-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the:
A)enamel
B)pulp cavity
C)periodontal membrane
D)dentine
Q2) Anterior to the spine and posterior to the trachea is the ___.
A)stomach
B)esophagus
C)pharynx
D)pancreas
Q3) The plasma protein produced by the liver that is important for blood clotting is:
A)prothrombin
B)albumin
C)globulin
D)collagen
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Chapter 18:Body Temperature and Metabolism-Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the calorie content of foods (Select all that apply)?
A)A gram of fat has 6 calories.
B)A gram of carbohydrate has 5 calories.
C)A gram of protein has 4 calories.
D)A snack with 5 grams of fat,15 grams of carbohydrate,and 2 grams of protein has 113 calories.
E)A snack with 3 grams of fat,20 grams of carbohydrate,and 4 grams of protein has 95 calories.
F)A snack with 20 grams of fat,10 grams of carbohydrate,and 10 grams of protein has 260 calories.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of a fever (Select all that apply)?
A)A substance or pathogen that causes a fever is a pyrogen.
B)A low fever may be beneficial in that WBCs become more active.
C)A pyrogen activates the heat gain mechanisms regulated by the thalamus.
D)A very high fever may cause brain damage because carbohydrates become denatured.
E)Some chemicals produced as part of inflammation are endogenous pyrogens.
F)A fever may be beneficial in that a higher temperature inhibits some bacteria.
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Chapter 18:Body Temperature and Metabolism-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within a 24-hour period,body temperature usually fluctuates ______ to _____ degrees Fahrenheit,and is lowest during _____________.
Q2) A substance that causes a fever does so by activating the ______________________ responses that are regulated by the ____________________________.
Q3) In cell respiration,the product that will lower the pH of cellular fluid is __________________.
Q4) Two factors that will increase metabolic rate are __________________________ and _____________________________.
Q5) With respect to food,___________________or __________________ have 4 calories per gram,and _____________________ have 9 calories per gram.
Q6) To be used in cell respiration,molecules of glycerol are changed to ______________________.
Q7) The pentose sugars are part of the larger molecules _________________ and _________________,and are synthesized from _________________________.
Q8) In cell respiration,metabolic water is formed during the ___________________________ (stage).
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Q9) The kilocalorie is the unit of measure for the __________________ of foods.
Chapter 18:Body Temperature and Metabolism-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term for the total heat production by the body is:
A)anabolic rate
B)catabolic rate
C)metabolic rate
D)energy rate
Q2) The mineral copper is needed for reactions for the synthesis of:
A)hemoglobin and melanin
B)insulin and growth hormone
C)epinephrine and norepinephrine
D)the matrix of bones and teeth
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of amino acid metabolism?
A)The most important use for amino acids is protein synthesis.
B)A gram of protein yields 4 kilocalories.
C)Excess amino acids are changed to simple carbohydrates to be used for energy.
D)The liver synthesizes the essential amino acids.
Q4) In cell respiration,the energy product that contributes to body temperature is:
A)ATP
B)ADP
C)heat
D)light
64
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Chapter 19:The Urinary System-Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of tubular secretion (Select all that apply)?
A)Hydrogen ions may be secreted in response to a decrease in the pH of the blood.
B)The metabolic products of medications may be secreted into the peritubular capillaries.
C)Creatinine is a nitrogenous waste product that may be actively secreted.
D)Tubular secretion takes place from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the urination reflex (Select all that apply)?
A)This is a flexor reflex over which we may exert voluntary control.
B)The effector of the reflex is the detrusor muscle,which contracts.
C)The stimulus for the reflex is stretching of the external urethral sphincter.
D)The part of the CNS directly involved in the reflex is the spinal cord.
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Chapter 19:The Urinary System-Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process of glomerular filtration is selective in terms of the __________________ of the materials in the blood.
Q2) In the kidney,tubular reabsorption takes place from the __________________ to the _________________________.
Q3) The nephrons of the kidneys form _________________,and thereby regulate and maintain the ______________________ and _____________________ of the blood.
Q4) In men,the urinary bladder is directly superior to the ___________________________.
Q5) The part of the urinary bladder that expels urine is the ________________________________.
Q6) In women,the vagina is _____________________ to the urethra,and the uterus is __________________ to the urinary bladder.
Q7) The nitrogenous waste product that comes from the metabolism of nucleic acids is __________________.
Q8) The normal pH range of urine is _________ to _________ with an average of ________.
Page 66
Q9) In the kidney,calyces are part of the __________________________.
Q10) The renal vein carries blood to the ________________________________.
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Chapter 19:The Urinary System-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process(es)carried out by the renal tubule is (are):
A)reabsorption
B)secretion
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and filtration
Q2) Which statement is NOT true of the internal structure of a kidney?
A)The calyces are extensions of the renal cortex.
B)Loops of Henle are found in the renal medulla.
C)The renal pelvis opens into the ureter.
D)Renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex.
Q3) In the kidneys,osmosis is the process for the reabsorption of:
A)glucose
B)water
C)amino acids
D)negative ions
Q4) The kidneys respond to increased acidity of body fluids by:
A)excreting hydrogen ions to lower the pH of body fluids
B)excreting hydrogen ions to raise the pH of body fluids
C)retaining hydrogen ions to lower the pH of body fluids
D)retaining hydrogen ions to raise the pH of body fluids
Page 67
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Chapter 20:Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance-Part
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of acid-base regulation (Select all that apply)?
A)The respiratory system responds to metabolic acidosis by decreasing the breathing rate to conserve CO<sub>2</sub>.
B)The respiratory system is only about 10% effective at correcting a long-term pH imbalance.
C)Respiratory acidosis is caused by anything that decreases the rate or efficiency of breathing.
D)Correction of a long-term pH imbalance depends primarily on the kidneys.
E)The kidneys respond to acidosis by retaining hydrogen ions.
F)If the pH of the blood is 7.5,the blood is slightly alkaline,but physiologically is "too alkaline."
G)A state of acidosis causes increased nerve activity that may progress to seizures.
H)A state of alkalosis causes confusion and impairment of consciousness.
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Chapter 20:Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance-Part B
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Q1) Lethargy and decreased awareness are signs of a pH imbalance with the body fluids becoming too __________________________.
Q2) If the osmolarity of a solution decreases,this means that the relative amount of _____________________ has increased.
Q3) The protein buffer system is the most important buffer system in _________________________ fluid.
Q4) The three sources of daily water intake for the body,from greatest to least,are ___________________,____________________,and
Q5) A cation is a ______________________ such as _______________________.
Q6) The phosphate buffer system is important for pH regulation by the __________________ (organ).
Q7) The major effect of alkalosis on the body is __________________________________.
Q8) The electrolyte that is part of DNA and RNA is ______________________.
Q9) By the process of osmosis,tissue fluid becomes ____________________________.
Q10) The bicarbonate buffer system will buffer a strong base by forming a(n)____________________ and _______________________. Page 69
Q11) The specialized fluid _________________________ prevents friction in joints.
Q12) Most of the loss of body water is by way of _____________________________.
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Chapter 20:Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance-Part
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Q1) Filtration takes place because:
A)blood pressure forces plasma out of capillaries
B)water moves to an area of higher pressure
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and because water is cohesive
Q2) Water moves into and out of cells by the process of:
A)osmosis
B)filtration
C)facilitated diffusion
D)active transport
Q3) The major electrolytes in plasma are:
A)sodium,chloride,and proteins
B)sodium and potassium
C)sodium,potassium,and chloride
D)potassium,phosphate,and proteins
Q4) Cations are:
A)positive ions such as phosphate
B)negative ions such as potassium
C)positive ions such as magnesium
D)negative ions such as chloride
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Chapter 21:The Reproductive Systems-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the male reproductive glands and penis (Select all that apply)?
A)The secretion of the bulbourethral glands lines the urethra just before ejaculation.
B)Erection of the penis is the result of vasodilation brought about by parasympathetic impulses.
C)The longest part of the urethra is within the prostate gland.
D)The seminal vesicles secrete glycogen as nourishment for sperm.
E)The striated muscle of the prostate gland contributes to ejaculation,which is a sympathetic response.
F)The secretions of the prostate gland contribute to the slight alkalinity of seminal fluid.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the vagina and vulva (Select all that apply)?
A)The vagina is also the birth canal.
B)The labia majora and minora cover the urethral and vaginal openings and prevent drying of their mucous membranes.
C)The clitoris is a sensory organ for sexual arousal.
D)The secretion of Bartholin's glands helps facilitate the movement of an ovum.
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Chapter 21:The Reproductive Systems-Part B
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Q1) The secretory portions of the mammary glands are surrounded and cushioned by ___________________________.
Q2) In the ovary,a mature follicle is called a ___________________ follicle,and after it ruptures it becomes the ______________________________.
Q3) The female external genital structure that has an important sensory function is the __________________________.
Q4) In the menstrual cycle,the ovum matures during the ________________________ phase.
Q5) The hormone that stimulates secretion of progesterone is _______________________.
Q6) The urethral and vaginal openings are covered by the __________________________ and the ___________________________.
Q7) The epididymis carries sperm from the __________________ to the ________________________________.
Q8) The interstitial cells of the testes produce ___________________________.
Q9) In a woman's lifetime,the process of oogenesis begins at ___________________ and ends at _________________________.
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Q10) The site of sperm deposition in women is the _______________________.
Chapter 21:The Reproductive Systems-Part C
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Q1) In the mammary glands,the lactiferous ducts all converge at the:
A)areola
B)nipple
C)alveolar glands
D)adipose tissue
Q2) Which statement is NOT true of the menstrual cycle?
A)Ovulation is stimulated by LH.
B)The basilar layer remains throughout the cycle.
C)Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum.
D)As estrogen secretion increases,FSH secretion increases.
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of the male reproductive hormones?
A)Testosterone is important for the maturation of sperm.
B)LH stimulates secretion of testosterone.
C)Inhibin increases the secretion of FSH.
D)FSH initiates sperm production.
Q4) The ciliated epithelium of the fallopian tube:
A)sweeps the ovum medially
B)sweeps the sperm cells medially
C)sweeps the ovum laterally
D)sweeps the zygote laterally
Page 74
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Chapter 22:Human Development and Genetics-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the placenta and fetal circulation (Select all that apply)?
A)The umbilical arteries carry oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
B)The foramen ovale permits blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium.
C)The ductus venosus takes blood to the superior vena cava after bypassing the lungs.
D)The ductus arteriosus takes blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery.
E)The placenta is made of both fetal and maternal tissue.
F) Fetal carbon dioxide is brought to the placenta by the umbilical vein.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the primary germ layers of the embryo (Select all that apply)?
A)The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system.
B)Mesoderm forms most of the liver and pancreas.
C)Bones come primarily from endoderm.
D)The lungs are epithelial tissue from the ectoderm.
E)The stomach lining is an inside surface,and is of endodermal origin.
F)Most organs have tissues from all three germ layers.
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75
Chapter 22:Human Development and Genetics-Part B
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Q1) After birth,the baby's ductus arteriosus ______________________,which allows more blood to flow to the ___________________,which increases _____________________ circulation.
Q2) During an average gestation period,the period of embryonic growth lasts __________ weeks and the period of fetal growth lasts _____________ weeks.
Q3) A trait that is ____________________ requires two genes for its expression,and a trait that is _______________________ requires only one gene for its expression.
Q4) In later pregnancy,the placenta secretes the hormones _________________________ and ____________________________.
Q5) In the embryo,the three germ layers,or primary layers,are the ______________________,_______________________,and ________________________.
Q6) During the _______________ stage of labor,the cervix dilates.
Q7) For people,a widow's peak is dominant and a straight hairline is recessive. Genetics problem: Both Mom and Dad are heterozygous for a widow's peak.The percent chance that a child of theirs will have a widow's peak is ______________.
Q8) The genetic code for one protein is called a(n)______________________.
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Chapter 22:Human Development and Genetics-Part C
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Q1) The average gestation period lasts:
A)36 weeks
B)40 weeks
C)46 weeks
D)50 weeks
Q2) The placenta is formed by:
A)the maternal endometrium and fetal chorion
B)the maternal myometrium and fetal amnion
C)the maternal endometrium and fetal amnion
D)the maternal myometrium and fetal chorion
Q3) In the early embryo,the mesoderm gives rise to the:
A)lens and cornea of the eye
B)skeletal muscles
C)lungs
D)liver
Q4) The sex chromosomes in men are called:
A)XX
B)YY
C)XY
D)XZ
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Chapter 1:An Introduction to Microbiology and Human
Disease-Part A
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Q1) Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites,which means:
A)they must be in the blood to reproduce
B)they reproduce by binary fission
C)they must be inside living cells to reproduce
D)they cannot reproduce inside living cells
Q2) A nosocomial infection is one that is acquired:
A)at home
B)at work
C)by way of the nose
D)in a hospital
Q3) Most bacteria that are able to form spores are found in:
A)freshwater
B)saltwater
C)the soil
D)the bodies of warm-blooded hosts
Q4) An antibiotic that is effective against many kinds of bacteria is called:
A)broad spectrum
B)narrow spectrum
C)multispectrum
D)polyspectrum
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Chapter 1:An Introduction to Microbiology and Human
Disease-Part B
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Q1) Fomites are ____________________________ that may be sources of pathogens.
Q2) A nosocomial infection is one that is acquired ________________________________.
Q3) A zoonosis is a disease that _______________________________.
Q4) The only fungi that are,in small numbers,considered part of the normal flora of the oral cavity are the ___________________________.
Q5) Facultative anaerobic bacteria are those that can reproduce
Q6) Binary fission is the process by which bacteria ________________________.
Q7) The incubation period of a disease is the time between the entry of the pathogen and the ______________________________.
Q8) The vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a(n)______________________.
Q9) An infection such as a cold,in one area of the body,is called
Q10) Fungi are present in small numbers in the skin flora,but may multiply if the skin is constantly ______________________.
Q11) Bacteria that are motile usually have one or more ___________________________.
Q12) A disease that people acquire from animals is called a(n)_________________________.
Q13) Spherical bacteria are called ____________________.
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Chapter 1:An Introduction to Microbiology and Human
Disease-Part C
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of viruses (Select all that apply)?
A)A virus has either DNA or RNA surrounding its protein core.
B)To reproduce,a virus must be within a living cell.
C)Viruses spread from person to person only by direct contact.
D)Viruses cause disease by killing the cells they reproduce within.
E)The enzymes secreted by viruses are needed for them to obtain food.
F)Some viruses require insect vectors to spread from host to host.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of sterilization and pasteurization (Select all that apply)?
A)Pasteurization is the pathogen-destroying process for milk and milk products.
B)An antiseptic is a chemical that kills pathogens on inanimate surfaces.
C)A disinfectant is a chemical that kills pathogens on the skin or living tissue.
D)Boiling drinking water for a minute will kill most bacteria,but may not kill bacterial spores.
E)Surgical instruments must be sterilized after each use.
F)Bleach is an effective bactericide.
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