Applied Statistics in Social Research Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Applied Statistics in Social Research explores the foundational statistical concepts and analytical techniques essential for investigating social phenomena. The course equips students with the skills to design studies, analyze data, and interpret results using statistical software. Emphasizing both descriptive and inferential statistics, topics include hypothesis testing, correlation, regression analysis, and the assessment of reliability and validity. Throughout the course, students engage with real-world examples and datasets to develop a practical understanding of how statistical methods inform evidence-based decision making and policy development in the social sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics A Tool for Social Research 8th Edition by Joseph F. Healey
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a variable is discrete,it cannot be A)continuous.
B)interval-ratio.
C)observable.
D)ordinal.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following mathematical operations are permitted with interval-ratio level variables?
A)addition
B)subtraction
C)division
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) In the research process,theory
A)is unnecessary.
B)is always fully developed before any data is gathered.
C)is developed only after the data have been completely analyzed.
D)attempts to explain the relationship between phenomenon.
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Basic Descriptive Statistics:
Percentages,
Ratios
and Rates, Tables, Charts and Graphs
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Q1) To be converted to a percentage,the proportion must be multiplied by A)10.
B)100.
C)1000.
D)any of the above
Answer: B
Q2) To find the ratio of smokers to non-smokers,you would
A)divide the number of non-smokers by the number of smokers.
B)add them together and divide by the number of smokers.
C)divide the number of smokers by the number of non-smokers.
D)multiply the number of smokers by the total number of people. Answer: C
Q3) When working with a very small number of cases,it is usually preferable to report A)percentages.
B)proportions.
C)fractions.
D)actual frequencies.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency
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Q1) For variables measured at the interval-ratio level,the preferred measure of central tendency would be the
A)mode.
B)quartile.
C)mean.
D)decile.
Answer: C
Q2) Which measure of central tendency is like "a fulcrum that exactly balances all of the scores?"
A)mode
B)median
C)mean
D)none of the above
Answer: C
Q3) It is possible for a variable to have
A)one mode.
B)many modes.
C)no mode.
D)all of the above
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Measures of Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The text presents information on the central tendency and dispersion of income in the U.S.Dispersion is measured by
A)the standard deviation.
B)the difference between the 20<sup>th</sup> and 80<sup>th</sup> percentiles.
C)the range.
D)the Interquartile range.
Q2) If a test score lies at the first quartile,it is
A)higher than 25% of the scores.
B)the same as the median.
C)the same as the mode.
D)higher than 75% of the scores.
Q3) The index of qualitative variation (IQV)is the ratio of the actual variation in the scores to A)One.
B)the maximum variation possible.
C)the minimum variation possible.
D)the number of scores.
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6
Chapter 5: The Normal Curve
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Q1) On all normal curves the area between the mean and +1 standard deviation will be
A)about 34% of the total areA.
B)about 68% of the total area.
C)about 95% of the total area.
D)about 99% of the total area.
Q2) To estimate probabilities,set up a fraction with the number of ____ in the numerator and the number of ____ in the denominator
A)successes,failures
B)possible outcomes,successes
C)failures,successes
D)successes,possible outcomes
Q3) If a case is randomly selected from a normal distribution,the score of the case will most likely be
A)equal to the mean in value.
B)close to the mean in value.
C)at least 1 standard deviation above the mean.
D)at least 1 standard deviation below the mean.
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Chapter 6: Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Sampling and
the Sampling Distribution
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Q1) A researcher wanted to learn something about the religious affiliation of the students at the local college (e.g. ,what percent were Catholic,Jewish,etc.).This information was not available from the Registrar and the researcher was working with a very limited budget.Therefore,she used the principle pf EPSEM to select a group of 200 students,called each of them at home,and conducted a brief interview.She was able to develop many conclusions based on this information.For example,she found that 50 of the 200 respondents were Catholic and concluded that about 25% of students at the college would claim the same religious affiliation.
Identify each of the following elements in this research scenario and explain their importance:
A)Population
B)Sample
C)Parameter
D)Statistic
E)EPSEM
F)Representative
Q2) Explain and briefly distinguish between simple random sampling,systematic random sampling,stratified random sampling,and cluster sampling.Which of these techniques is designed to guarantee representativeness? How?
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Chapter 7: Estimation Procedures
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Q1) The more efficient the estimate,the more the sampling distribution A)is evenly spread from the mean to\(\pm\)2 standard deviations. B)becomes flatter.
C)clusters to the right of the mean. D)is clustered around the mean.
Q2) The most commonly used confidence level is
A)99.5%.
B)95%.
C)90.5%.
D)90%.
Q3) We have used an alpha of 0.01 to estimate the average hours of television viewing for residents in a retirement home.What is the chance that our interval estimate does not contain the true population mean?
A)99%
B)10%
C)1%
D)1/10 of 1%
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing I: the One-Sample Case
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Q1) An alpha of 0.01 means that a decision to ____ the null hypothesis has a ____ in 100 chance of being incorrect
A)accept,1
B)fail to reject,1
C)reject,1
D)reject,100
Q2) In order to reject the null hypothesis when using the t distribution and small samples,we will
A)need a smaller test statistic as compared to larger samples.
B)need a larger test statistic as compared to larger samples.
C)always use one-tailed tests.
D)set alpha very low.
Q3) The research and null hypotheses ____ each other.
A)contradict
B)complement
C)amplify
D)rescind
Q4) Cite an example of a research situation in which a one-tailed test of significance would be appropriate.
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Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing II: the Two-Sample Case
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Q1) For testing the difference between two sample means,the level of measurement is assumed to be
A)nominal.
B)ordinal.
C)interval-ratio.
D)any of the above
Q2) A researcher conducted a survey to determine if older people have different feelings about abortion than younger people.He used an alpha level of 0.05 (Z critical = \(\pm\)1.96)to test for significance and found that his computed test statistic was 2.76.Which of the following conclusions is justified?
A)feelings about abortion do not vary by age
B)older and younger people have significantly different feelings about abortion
C)a one-tailed test should have been used
D)a Type II error has occurred
Q3) The larger the sample size,the
A)more important the observed difference.
B)more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.
C)less likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.
D)lower the Z score.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing III: the Analysis of Variance
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Q1) ANOVA may be thought of as an extension of the ____. A)confidence interval estimation procedure
B)t test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportions
C)t test for the significance of the difference between two sample means
D)t test for the significance of the difference between two matched samples
Q2) We have rejected the null hypothesis in an ANOVA test.This means that the variation ____ the samples is significantly greater than the variation ____ the samples. A)within,between B)above,below C)outside,inside D)between,within
Q3) The text reported the results of a test of frequency of sexual activity by marital status.The null hypothesis was rejected which means that A)sexual activity is significantly related to marital status. B)there is no important relationship between these variables. C)American society is becoming increasingly promiscuous. D)there is a 50% chance that these variables are related in the population.
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Chapter 11: Hypothesis Testing Iv: Chi Square
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Q1) A researcher reports a c<sup>2</sup> (obtained)of 75.34 (a =.05,df = 1,c<sup>2</sup> (critical)= 3.84,N = 13,678).The researcher claims that the relationship is extremely significant.What issue should be raised?
A)degrees of freedom are much too small for a sample this large B)alpha is too low
C)sample size is very large and the actual relationship between the variables might be trivial
D)the value for c<sup>2</sup> (critical)is much too low
Q2) The chi square goodness-of-fit test can be used when
A)degrees of freedom are less than one.
B)column percentages are equal.
C)sample size is very large.
D)the distribution of a single variable must be tested for significance.
Q3) Chi square is one of a class of statistics called A)nonparametric.
B)parametric.
C)semi-parametriC.
D)parametrically symmetrical.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Bivariate Association: Introduction and Basic Concepts
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Q1) A maximum difference greater than 30 would usually be accompanied by a ____ measure of association.
A)weak
B)moderate
C)negative
D)strong
Q2) If the maximum difference is less then 10,the relationship is
A)strong.
B)moderate.
C)weak.
D)statistically significant.
Q3) The closer the value of a measure of association is to one,
A)the stronger the relationship.
B)the more evenly the scores are distributed.
C)the weaker the relationship.
D)the more certain we are that the samples are representative.
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Chapter 13: Association Between Variables Measured at the
Nominal Level
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Q1) For a 3x3 table,the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be A)Cramer's V.
B)phi.
C)lambda.
D)gamma.
Q2) Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the A)nominal level.
B)ordinal level.
C)interval-ratio level.
D)any of the above
Q3) A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00
A)are very rare.
B)are mathematically impossible.
C)can actually indicate negative relationships.
D)can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.
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Chapter 14: Association Between Variables Measured at the
Ordinal Level
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Q1) To establish the critical area under the sampling distribution for gamma,we use
A)the Z distribution.
B)the t distribution.
C)the chi square distribution.
D)the gamma distribution.
Q2) To establish the critical area under the sampling distribution for Spearman's rho,we use
A)the Z distribution.
B)the t distribution.
C)the chi square distribution.
D)the distribution of rho.
Q3) For the relationship between social class and movie attendance,a researcher found a gamma of -0.45.This relationship is
A)weak and negative.
B)strong and positive.
C)negative and moderate.
D)moderate and weak.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Association Between Variables Measured at the
Interval-Ratio Level
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scattergrams do NOT give information about the ____ of a relationship.
A)strength
B)direction
C)linearity
D)significance
Q2) If a = 5 and b = 10,what would the value of Y be when X = 100?
A)unknown,more information is needed
B)1000
C)1005
D)5001
Q3) There is no linear relationship between two interval-ratio variables when the regression line on a scattergram
A)is parallel to the horizontal axis.
B)does not touch all of the scores.
C)is not an equal distance from all of the scores.
D)is bimodal.
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17
Chapter 16: Elaborating Bivariate Tables
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Q1) When there is evidence of a(n)____ relationship,partial gamma (G<sub>p</sub>)should not be calculated.
A)interactive
B)direct
C)intervening
D)spurious
Q2) If we investigate a bivariate relationship by controlling for gender,which of the following would be consistent with an interactive relationship?
A)the relationship between X and Y is the same for men and women
B)the relationship between X and Y is zero for both men and women
C)X and Y appear to be related for men but not for women
D)there are many fewer men than women
Q3) Which of the following describes an intervening relationship between X,Y,and Z?
A)X causes Z,which causes Y
B)X causes Z,but neither has a relationship with Y
C)Z causes both X and Y
D)Z causes neither X nor Y
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Chapter 17: Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation
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Q1) For multivariate analysis,the techniques of partial correlation and multiple regression and correlation are superior to elaboration (i.e. ,controlling for a third variable by constructing partial tables)because
A)computations are easier.
B)they avoid the necessity of computing Pearson's r.
C)they provide less information and are less confusing.
D)they provide more information.
Q2) The regression equation for a particular relationship is Y = 10 + (.78)X<sub>1</sub> + (-.54)X<sub>2</sub>.Which conclusion is consistent with this equation?
A)The Y intercept is zero.
B)Neither independent variable has an important relationship with Y.
C)A value for a (the Y intercept)needs to be calculated before the equation can be interpreted.
D)The two independent variables have opposite effects on the dependent.
Q3) Partial and multiple correlation require data which are
A)nominal and continuous.
B)ordinal and discrete.
C)inferential and bivariate.
D)interval-ratio.
Page 19
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